Hazard Potential in Southern Pakistan: A Study on the Subsidence and Neotectonics of Karachi and Surrounding Areas

Tirmizi, Osman; Khan, Shuhab D.; Mirzaee, S.; Fattahi, H.

doi:10.3390/rs15051290

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…11 and 7). According to previous study works (Amin, Shahzad et al 2022, Kanwal, Ding et al 2022, Tirmizi, Khan et al 2023, this is especially concerning given the substantial high-rise building and housing community construction on the reclaimed ground, and continued unchecked expansion could have disastrous outcomes. Soil liquefaction and construction load could be one of the main triggers for deformation in the study area.…”

Section: In Uence Of Urban Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main possible cause of excessive groundwater abstraction is brought on by rapid urbanization and a rise in the need for water for domestic and industrial uses. Municipal water supplies are becoming increasingly scarce, which has led to a signi cant reliance on groundwater extraction through private wells and communal wells(Tirmizi, Khan et al 2023). Inadequate water supply has led to overuse of groundwater in the coastal areas of Clifton and DHA, which is expected to result in subsidence along the state highways(Kanwal, Ding et al 2022), and these zones were found to be highly deforming in this study too.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Non-Linear Ground Deformation Detection and Monitoring using Time-Series InSAR along the Coastal Urban Areas of Pakistan

Hussain,

Pan,

Afzal

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Conventional geodetic methods rely on point measurements, which have drawbacks for detecting and tracking geologic disasters at specific locations. In this study, the time-series InSAR approach was incorporated to estimate non-linear surface deformation caused by tectonic, shoreline reclamation, and other anthropogenic activities in economically important urban regions of Pakistan's southern coast, which possesses around 270 km. The shoreline is extended from the low-populated area on the premises of the Hub River in the west to the highly populated Karachi city and Eastern Industrial Zone, where we collected the Sentinel-1A C-band data from 2017 to 2023 to address urban security and threats to human life and property. The main advantage of opting for the non-linear persistent scatterer interferometric SAR (PSInSAR) approach for this study is that it exposes minute movements without any prior consideration of conventional monitoring techniques, making it valid in continuously varying regions. A vertical displacement range of −170 mm to +80 mm per year was found, which was used to investigate the potential correlation with the most effective causative parameters of deformation. The densely populated areas of the study area experience an annual subsidence of 170 mm, and the less populated western region experiences an uplift of 82 mm annually. Land deformation varies along the coast of the study area, where the eastern region is highly reclaimed and is affected by erosion. Groundwater table-depleting regions experienced high levels of land subsidence, and tectonic activities controlled vertical displacement in the region. Major variation was detected after an earthquake occurred along fault lines. This study was designed because a non-linear approach is required to address ground movement activities acutely, and it will make it possible to plan surface infrastructure and handle issues brought on by subsidence more effectively.

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Section: In Uence Of Urban Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Linear Ground Deformation Detection and Monitoring using Time-Series InSAR along the Coastal Urban Areas of Pakistan

Hussain,

Pan,

Afzal

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…We calculate an InSAR deformation gradient to determine the areas that are most at risk of infrastructure damage (Figure 12). Previous studies have shown that an InSAR gradient map can be an effective tool in determining the areas that require careful monitoring for infrastructure damage [69,71]. In summary, in this work, for the first time, full resolution InSAR data are analyzed to assess and understand subsidence in Katy, a sprawling suburban area located west of Houston.…”

Section: Risk To Infrastructurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Remote Sens. 2023, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 16 of 20tool in determining the areas that require careful monitoring for infrastructure damage[69,71].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors of Subsidence in Katy, Texas, USA

Tirmizi,

Khan

2023

Remote Sensing

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Coastal communities are susceptible to the damaging effects of land subsidence caused by both natural and anthropogenic processes. The Greater Houston area, situated along the Gulf Coast of Texas, has experienced some of the highest rates of subsidence in the United States. Previous work has extensively analyzed the role of groundwater levels and oil and gas extraction in land subsidence of the Greater Houston area, but has failed to adequately incorporate other significant contributing factors. In this research, we aim to fill that information gap by analyzing the individual effects of subsidence from multiple different processes including groundwater and hydrocarbon extraction rates with the addition of population growth, total annual precipitation, and total developed area in terms of impervious surfaces. We perform a full resolution InSAR analysis of the Katy area using Sentinel-1 data from 2017 to 2022 and compare contributors of subsidence to vertical displacement rates calculated by GNSS stations through a generalized linear regression analysis. The InSAR results show up to 1.4 cm/yr of subsidence in multiple areas of Katy, and the generalized linear regression results suggest that population growth and total developed area are two of the highest contributors to subsidence in the area.

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Non-linear ground deformation detection and monitoring using time series InSAR along the coastal urban areas of Pakistan

Hussain,

Pan,

Afzal

et al. 2024

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Conventional geodetic methods rely on point measurements, which have drawbacks for detecting and tracking geologic disasters at speci c locations. In this study, the time-series InSAR approach was incorporated to estimate non-linear surface deformation caused by tectonic, shoreline reclamation, and other anthropogenic activities in economically important urban regions of Pakistan's southern coast, which possesses around 270 km. The shoreline is extended from the low-populated area on the premises of the Hub River in the west to the highly populated Karachi city and Eastern Industrial Zone, where we collected the Sentinel-1A C-band data from 2017 to 2023 to address urban security and threats to human life and property. The main advantage of opting for the non-linear persistent scatterer interferometric SAR (PSInSAR) approach for this study is that it exposes minute movements without any prior consideration of conventional monitoring techniques, making it valid in continuously varying regions. A vertical displacement range of −170 mm to +80 mm per year was found, which was used to investigate the potential correlation with the most effective causative parameters of deformation. The densely populated areas of the study area experience an annual subsidence of 170 mm, and the less populated western region experiences an uplift of 82 mm annually. Land deformation varies along the coast of the study area, where the eastern region is highly reclaimed and is affected by erosion.Groundwater table-depleting regions experienced high levels of land subsidence, and tectonic activities controlled vertical displacement in the region. Major variation was detected after an earthquake occurred along fault lines. This study was designed because a non-linear approach is required to address ground movement activities acutely, and it will make it possible to plan surface infrastructure and handle issues brought on by subsidence more effectively.

show abstract

Hazard Potential in Southern Pakistan: A Study on the Subsidence and Neotectonics of Karachi and Surrounding Areas

Cited by 5 publications

References 44 publications

Non-Linear Ground Deformation Detection and Monitoring using Time-Series InSAR along the Coastal Urban Areas of Pakistan

Non-Linear Ground Deformation Detection and Monitoring using Time-Series InSAR along the Coastal Urban Areas of Pakistan

Factors of Subsidence in Katy, Texas, USA

Non-linear ground deformation detection and monitoring using time series InSAR along the coastal urban areas of Pakistan

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