Hazardous air pollutants and asthma.

Leikauf, George D.

doi:10.1289/ehp.02110s4505

Cited by 190 publications

(135 citation statements)

References 443 publications

(233 reference statements)

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“…Assuming that human air intake is 10.8 m 3 /24 h [144], acrolein exposure through atmospheric contact would amount to 154 μg or 2.75 μmol/24 h. This quantity of acrolein is roughly equal to the amount generated by smoking 2.5 cigarettes, which explains why there is a relatively high level of HPMA found in the urine of nonsmokers [11]. In view of the ever-increasing acrolein emissions into the environment, acrolein as a direct irritant may increasingly become a health hazard in individuals with respiratory diseases such as asthma [145]. Formation of acrolein from glucose via hydroxy acetone (a).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acrolein: Sources, metabolism, and biomolecular interactions relevant to human health and disease

Stevens

Maier

2008

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

630

634

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Acrolein (2-propenal) is ubiquitously present in (cooked) foods and in the environment. It is formed from carbohydrates, vegetable oils and animal fats, amino acids during heating of foods, and by combustion of petroleum fuels and biodiesel. Chemical reactions responsible for release of acrolein include heat-induced dehydration of glycerol, retro-aldol cleavage of dehydrated carbohydrates, lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and Strecker degradation of methionine and threonine. Smoking of tobacco products equals or exceeds the total human exposure to acrolein from all other sources. The main endogenous sources of acrolein are myeloperoxidase-mediated degradation of threonine and amine oxidase-mediated degradation of spermine and spermidine, which may constitute a significant source of acrolein in situations of oxidative stress and inflammation. Acrolein is metabolized by conjugation with glutathione and excreted in the urine as mercapturic acid metabolites. Acrolein forms Michael adducts with ascorbic acid in vitro, but the biological relevance of this reaction is not clear. The biological effects of acrolein are a consequence of its reactivity towards biological nucleophiles such as guanine in DNA and cysteine, lysine, histidine, and arginine residues in critical regions of nuclear factors, proteases, and other proteins. Acrolein adduction disrupts the function of these biomacromolecules which may result in mutations, altered gene transcription, and modulation of apoptosis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acrolein: Sources, metabolism, and biomolecular interactions relevant to human health and disease

Stevens

Maier

2008

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

630

634

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“…Land transport and in particular road transport has a considerable negative influence on air quality. Evidence on health impacts of air pollution has been gathered through numerous studies conducted by scientists of various disciplines and published since the late 1980s (Pope, 1989(Pope, , 2000Pope et al, 1995Pope et al, , 2002Brunekreef et al, 1995;Brunekreef and Holgate, 2002;Brunekreef and Forsberg, 2005;Zmirou et al, 1998;Ję drychowski, 2000;Nyberg et al, 2000;Schwartz, 2000;Peters et al, 2000Peters et al, , 2001Katsouyanni et al, 2001;Hoek et al, 2002;Leikauf, 2002;Brook et al, 2004;Boldo et al, 2006;Naess et al, 2007). The results of such studies have been condensed and comprehensively evaluated in several WHO publications (WHO, 2000(WHO, , 2002(WHO, , 2005a and in relation to land transport impacts in WHO (2003); Krzyzanowski et al (2005) and WHO (2006).…”

Section: Impacts On Air Quality and Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Land transport

Uherek¹,

Halenka²,

Borken‐Kleefeld³

et al. 2010

Atmospheric Environment

311

151

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a b s t r a c tEmissions from land transport, and from road transport in particular, have significant impacts on the atmosphere and on climate change. This assessment gives an overview of past, present and future emissions from land transport, of their impacts on the atmospheric composition and air quality, on human health and climate change and on options for mitigation.In the past vehicle exhaust emission control has successfully reduced emissions of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds and particulate matter. This contributed to improved air quality and reduced health impacts in industrialised countries. In developing countries however, pollutant emissions have been growing strongly, adversely affecting many populations. In addition, ozone and particulate matter change the radiative balance and hence contribute to global warming on shorter time scales. Latest knowledge on the magnitude of land transport's impact on global warming is reviewed here.In the future, road transport's emissions of these pollutants are expected to stagnate and then decrease globally. This will then help to improve the air quality notably in developing countries. On the contrary, emissions of carbon dioxide and of halocarbons from mobile air conditioners have been globally increasing and are further expected to grow. Consequently, road transport's impact on climate is gaining in importance. The expected efficiency improvements of vehicles and the introduction of biofuels will not be sufficient to offset the expected strong growth in both, passenger and freight transportation. Technical measures could offer a significant reduction potential, but strong interventions would be needed as markets do not initiate the necessary changes. Further reductions would need a resolute expansion of low-carbon fuels, a tripling of vehicle fuel efficiency and a stagnation in absolute transport volumes. Land transport will remain a key sector in climate change mitigation during the next decades.

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“…For most of these chemicals, data on toxicity are sparse. 81 Some pollutants remain airborne or react in the atmosphere to produce other harmful substances. Other air pollutants deposit into and contaminate land and water.…”

Section: Other Air Pollutantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ambient Air Pollution: Health Hazards to Children

Kim¹

2004

Pediatrics

270

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ABSTRACT. Ambient (outdoor) air pollution is now recognized as an important problem, both nationally and worldwide. Our scientific understanding of the spectrum of health effects of air pollution has increased, and numerous studies are finding important health effects from air pollution at levels once considered safe. Children and infants are among the most susceptible to many of the air pollutants. In addition to associations between air pollution and respiratory symptoms, asthma exacerbations, and asthma hospitalizations, recent studies have found links between air pollution and preterm birth, infant mortality, deficits in lung growth, and possibly, development of asthma. This policy statement summarizes the recent literature linking ambient air pollution to adverse health outcomes in children and includes a perspective on the current regulatory process. The statement provides advice to pediatricians on how to integrate issues regarding air quality and health into patient education and children's environmental health advocacy and concludes with recommendations to the government on promotion of effective air-pollution policies to ensure protection of children's health. Pediatrics 2004;114:1699-1707; air pollution, adverse effects, children, asthma, environmental health.ABBREVIATIONS. PM 2.5 , particulate matter with a median aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 m; PM 10 , particulate matter with a median aerodynamic diameter less than 10 m; EPA, Environmental Protection Agency; HAP, hazardous air pollutant; AQI, air quality index.

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Hazardous air pollutants and asthma.

Cited by 190 publications

References 443 publications

Acrolein: Sources, metabolism, and biomolecular interactions relevant to human health and disease

Acrolein: Sources, metabolism, and biomolecular interactions relevant to human health and disease

Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Land transport

Ambient Air Pollution: Health Hazards to Children

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