Hazardous chlorites in drinking water: formation and removal when using chlorine dioxide in water treatment technology

Abstract

The aim of the work was to study the features of the formation and removal of toxic chlorites at the treatment facilities of the Dnipro water pipeline in Kiev, where chlorine dioxide is used in water treatment technology, and the influence of priority natural and technological factors on these processes. Materials and methods. The studies were carried out in 2021-2022. at the Dnipro waterworks in Kyiv, where chlorine dioxide is used instead of chlorine in water treatment technology. We have analyzed the data of water studies for the content of dioxide and chlorites, carried out at the treatment facilities by the laboratory of the Dnipro water pipeline in order to establish the features of the formation and efficiency of chlorite removal when using the applied water treatment technology. Also, selective studies of chlorine dioxide and chlorites in the water supply were carried out by titrimetric and photometric methods, the results of which coincide with the data obtained on the water supply using the ion chromatography method. Main results. A positive hygienic assessment of the modern new technology for the preparation of drinking water from surface sources using chlorine dioxide instead of chlorine gas is given. It is shown that with high purifying and disinfecting effects of water treatment with chlorine dioxide, its by-products, in particular, toxic chlorites, are constantly formed in it, the levels of which are directly dependent on the doses of chlorine dioxide used, which vary according to the seasons of the year. In general, the primary dose of chlorine dioxide and chlorites in the water after CWR, entering the water supply networks, is reduced by 89.3-92.0% for chlorine dioxide, and by 76.2-85.6% for chlorites. At the same time, the concentration of chlorine dioxide in disinfected water is always within the normal range - at least 0.1 mg / dm3, and chlorites often exceed the national hygienic standard (0.2 mg / dm3), but does not go beyond the standard recommended by WHO (0.7 mg/dm3). The highest concentrations of chlorites are formed in water in summer (on average 0.35 mg/dm3) in accordance with the increased doses of chlorine dioxide during this period (on average 2.51 mg/dm3), and the lowest in winter (on average 0.17 mg/dm3). Conclusions. As a result of the study, it was found that the process of treating natural water with chlorine dioxide is accompanied by the formation of its by-products in water, mainly toxic chlorites, the levels of which depend on the doses of chlorine dioxide used and are the lowest in winter and the highest in summer. After coagulation treatment of the source water with aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride (ratio 10:4-5), settling and filtering the level of chlorites in water (LCW) is intensively reduced, but not always reach the standard values. In summer, the maximum levels of chlorites in water with LCW can be higher than the national hygienic standard (0.2 mg/dm3) and range up to 0.7 mg/dm3, which corresponds to the WHO recommended standard for this substance in drinking water. The issue of revising the national standard for chlorites in water from 0.2 mg/dm3 to 0.7 mg/dm3 after appropriate scientific justification is being raised.

Analysis of Applying Surface Water Treatment Technology When Using Chlorine Dioxide at Water Supply Plants

“…By the literature sources, at the stage of industrial research (2017) on the use of CD for the treatment of drinking water at the Dniprovska WTP in Kyiv city, for primary disinfection a rate of 1.2-1.5 mg/l was used [15], for the secondary disinfection -0.3-0.45 mg/l, and after its introduction into the technological process (2021-2022) [33] -0.8-2.5 mg/l, and 0.2-0.6 mg/l respectively. Before entering clean water tank (CWT), the water undergoes the stages of treatment with CD, coagulation (with aluminum sulfate and iron chloride), settling, filtering, and disinfection with CD.…”