Hazards and risk assessment of heavy metals from consumption of locally manufactured painkiller drugs in Nigeria

Abstract

Graphical abstract

Health risk assessment and heavy metal accumulation in fish species (Clarias gariepinus and Sarotherodon melanotheron) from industrially polluted Ogun and Eleyele Rivers, Nigeria

“…Consumption of the two fish species from the two sites over a long period may have carcinogenic effects as the cancer Risk (CR) values obtained for Arsenic, Cadmium, and Nickel were greater than the acceptable guideline value of 10 −6 [ 58 ]. This observation is in agreement with Nduka et al [ 62 ] who reported similar health risks for As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb in different painkiller drugs locally manufactured in Nigeria. The aggressive accumulation through consumption of these metals from various sources, therefore, raises concern and requires a prompt response from the necessary regulatory agencies in Nigeria.…”

Elevated Concentrations of Metal(loids) in Seaweed and the Concomitant Exposure to Humans

“…The life time cancer risk (LTCR) was determined for several of the metals (Cd, As, Cr, Ni, and Pb), oral exposure being considered to bear carcinogenic risks. The cumulative cancer risk arising from exposure to metal carcinogens in consumed foodstuffs is assumed to be a linear sum of each of the individual metal risks [ 40 , 43 , 44 ], and can be obtained by Equation (6): with n = 1, 2 …… n representing the individual metal contaminants/carcinogens in foodstuffs. Equation (6) gives the totality of carcinogenic risk of all the heavy metals present in the seaweed.…”

“…The life time cancer risk (LTCR) was determined for several of the metals (Cd, As, Cr, Ni, and Pb), oral exposure being considered to bear carcinogenic risks. The cumulative cancer risk arising from exposure to metal carcinogens in consumed foodstuffs is assumed to be a linear sum of each of the individual metal risks [40,43,44], and can be obtained by Equation (6):…”

Risk assessment and evaluation of heavy metals concentrations in blood samples of plastic industry workers in Dhaka, Bangladesh

“…These high-level exposure to heavy metals may compromise the body’s immune system of the workers in the car workshop [ 35 ]. The chronic daily intake with carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk assessment of heavy metals (Pb, As, Cd, Hg, and Ni) from painkiller drugs were also studied in Nigeria [ 36 ]. No significant difference was observed between carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk except minor variation.…”

“…No significant difference was observed between carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk except minor variation. The non-carcinogenic risk of chronic daily intake was in the range of 10 -6 and 10 −9 [ 36 ].…”