Hazards of Diagnostic Ultrasonography-A Study with Mice

Warwick, Roger; Pond, John; Woodward, B.; Connolly, Christopher P.

doi:10.1109/t-su.1970.29556

Cited by 39 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Somewhat similar findings were reported after shorter exposures on selected gestation days (AIUM, 1993;Hande and Uma Devi, 1995). Other researchers (Warwick et al, 1970;Edmonds et al, 1979) did not observe any significant effect on litter size, neonatal mortality, and incidence of resorption or abnormalities in mice, that could be attributed to the ultrasound. Earlier studies (Muranaka et al, 1974;Tachibana et al, 1977;Sikov and Pappas, 1986;Carnes et al, 1991) have shown that prenatal ultrasound can induce fetal mortality.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

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Gestational stage sensitivity to ultrasound effect on postnatal growth and development of mice

Rao

Ovchinnikov

McRae

2006

Birth Defects Research

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…Several reports on mice exposed to ultrasound reveal a significant reduction in body weight at birth (Stolzenberg et al, 1980b;Stratmeyer et al, 1981aStratmeyer et al, , 1984O'Brien, 1983). No such change in fetal weight and growth was found in earlier studies due to fetal exposures to ultrasound in mice (Warwick et al, 1970).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 53%

Gestational stage sensitivity to ultrasound effect on postnatal growth and development of mice

Rao

Ovchinnikov

McRae

2006

Birth Defects Research

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“…The results of the present study, compared with those of O'Brien, 11 Stolzenberg et al,l 4 and Strutmeyer et al, 20 suggest that the more wild type LAFlJ strain may be more resistant to weight reduction than are the outbred strains. Lending further support to this hypothesis is the work of Fry et al, 21 in which they utilized the hybrid LAF 1 /} mouse.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Ultrasound biologic effects: a suggestion of strain specificity.

O’Brien

Januzik

Dunn

1982

Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine

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Pregnant hybrid LAF 1 /j mice were exposed to continuous-wave ultrasonic energy at a frequency of 1 MHz at a spatial peak intensity of either 2.5 W/cm 2 or 0 W/cm 2 (sham) for 20 seconds on the eighth day of gestation. Fetal weight (day 18 of gestation) and postpartum pup weight (21, 29 and 42 days post conception) were determined. No significant differences in weight were observed. This result differs from findings in others studies using outbred mouse strains. It is suggested that hybrid mice exposed to ultrasonic energy in utero may be more resistant to alterations in fetal and pup weight progression as compared with outbred strains. (Key words: experimental model; fetal weight, mouse strain specificity.)In recent years, studies have been conducted on animal systems to obtain information believed useful for estimating possible effects of ultrasound on human patients undergoing clinical diagnostic procedures. It is our view that these studies can be divided into two general categories. In the first cat• egory are those studies for which some aspect of the exposure conditions may have been chosen to approximate, in some way, an aspect of prevailing clinical conditions, but with no specific pathologic endpoint fore-identified (or specified) to be observed. The general demeanor of these studies is the lack of finding any effect attributable to the ultrasonic exposure(s), with the attendant conclusion that the clinical application of ultrasound is either with or without some risk. This argument is often considered strengthened by the fact that the duplication of clinical conditions for animal exposures in the laboratory involved either continuous-wave or long pulse regimens, rather than the extremely short pulse regimens employed in clinical diagnostic procedures. The following studies, though not exhaustive, are considered to fall into the abovedescribed category: Takeuchi et al. Smyth. 7 There have also been studies, which could be included in this category, for which effects were observed following ultrasonic exposure but which involved greatly

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“…It has been suggested that a temper· ature elevation of 2.4°C above normal body temperature is enough to cause damage to living tissues, 6 but the extent and permanence of damage at that low level, for limited periods of time, is open to question.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal and heart rate response to ultrasonic exposure in the second and third trimester dog fetus.

Gross¹,

Williams²,

Wagner‐Mann³

et al. 1986

Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine

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A total of 39 fetuses from five pregnant dogs were used in this study. Fol· lowing pentobarbital anesthesia of the dams the gravid uterus was exposed and partially exteriorized. Fetal and maternal electrocardiograms were recorded, along with fetal abdominal temperatures, during ultrasound exposures of 3.4 MHz and 2, 4 1 6, 8 or 12 W/cm 2 (continuous wave), spatial average intensities. for 6 minutes. Baseline fetal abdominal temperatures were 35.2 ± 1.5 (SD)°C. Baseline fetal heart rates were 176.8 ;t 4.3 (SD) beats per minute. These studies indicate that the product of intensity and time of exposure. under the conditions of these experiments, is directly related to increases in fetal abdominal temperature and fetal heart rate. {Key words: ultrasonography, experimental; dogs, fetuses; heart rate response; thermal response; bioeffects) Diagnostic ultrasonography is considered to be an indispensable prenatal diagnostic tool. With the advent of pulsed Doppler devices. which may generate temporal average intensities up to 1-2 Wlcm 2 at 2-5 MHz, ranges at which untoward in vitro effects have been documented, interest in the possible effects of ultrasound on the fetus has increased. There is one partially anecdotal report of increased fetal movement during ultrasound exposure and this has led to some concern , 1 even though the results were not verified in two similar studies. 2 • 3 The interaction of ultrasound pressure waves with living tissues can result in the production of thermal energy. When living biological tissues are heated metabolic demand increases. In the intact animal, presumably including the fetus, increased metabolic demand is met by increased cardiac output, most often supplied by an increase in heart rate.Most of the controlled studies which provide data on fetal effects have been done in rats and mice where the entire fetus is exposed to the beam. 4 -17 Considerable information is available from these studies which indicates that exposure of pregnant rodents to sufficiently high intensities of continuous wave {CW) ultrasound during early-tomid organogenesis can produce death of the fetus, weight reduction, and a variety of teratogenic ef· fects. The likelihood of producing any effects in larger, more mature fetuses, where only a portion of the fetus is exposed, is not clear.The purpose of this study was to measure changes in fetal body temperature as a result of localized exposure of the thorax in the near-term dog fetus. Second* we wanted to see if these changes could be correlated with changes in one measure of cardiac function, heart rate. MATERIALS AND METHODSFive pregnant mixed breed, approximately 20 kg body weight* random source dogs scheduled for euthanasia were used in this study. Two of the dams were in the late second trimester, or early third trimester [average fetal weight 112.4 ± 40.5 (SD) g} of pregnancy and the other three were well into the third trimester [average fetal weight 254. 7 507

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Hazards of Diagnostic Ultrasonography-A Study with Mice

Cited by 39 publications

References 14 publications

Gestational stage sensitivity to ultrasound effect on postnatal growth and development of mice

Gestational stage sensitivity to ultrasound effect on postnatal growth and development of mice

Ultrasound biologic effects: a suggestion of strain specificity.

Thermal and heart rate response to ultrasonic exposure in the second and third trimester dog fetus.

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