Hazards of ionising radiation: 100 years of observations on man

Doll, Richard

doi:10.1038/bjc.1995.513

Cited by 60 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…We analyzed other lifestyle and demographic risk factors that have been implicated in the development of leukemia, including exposure to ionizing radiation (Doll 1995; Miller 1967; Preston et al 1994), parental age at child’s birth (Dockerty et al 2001), birth weight (Hjalgrim et al 2004; Robison et al 1987), breast-feeding (Kwan et al 2004), history of allergies (Schuz et al 1999; Wen et al 2000a), and parental military service (CDC 1988; Wen et al 2000b). …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating Childhood Leukemia in Churchill County, Nevada

Rubin

Holmes

Belson

et al. 2007

Environ Health Perspect

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BackgroundSixteen children diagnosed with acute leukemia between 1997 and 2002 lived in Churchill County, Nevada, at the time of or before their illness. Considering the county population and statewide cancer rate, fewer than two cases would be expected.ObjectivesIn March 2001, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention led federal, state, and local agencies in a cross-sectional, case-comparison study to determine if ongoing environmental exposures posed a health risk to residents and to compare levels of contaminants in environmental and biologic samples collected from participating families.MethodsSurveys with more than 500 variables were administered to 205 people in 69 families. Blood, urine, and cheek cell samples were collected and analyzed for 139 chemicals, eight viral markers, and several genetic polymorphisms. Air, water, soil, and dust samples were collected from almost 80 homes to measure more than 200 chemicals.ResultsThe scope of this cancer cluster investigation exceeded any previous study of pediatric leukemia. Nonetheless, no exposure consistent with leukemia risk was identified. Overall, tungsten and arsenic levels in urine and water samples were significantly higher than national comparison values; however, levels were similar among case and comparison groups.ConclusionsAlthough the cases in this cancer cluster may in fact have a common etiology, their small number and the length of time between diagnosis and our exposure assessment lessen the ability to find an association between leukemia and environmental exposures. Given the limitations of individual cancer cluster investigations, it may prove more efficient to pool laboratory and questionnaire data from similar leukemia clusters.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating Childhood Leukemia in Churchill County, Nevada

Rubin

Holmes

Belson

et al. 2007

Environ Health Perspect

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“…Leukemia had been linked with external radiation exposure in Japanese A-bomb survivors and medically exposed persons, lung cancer linked with radon exposure in underground miners, skin cancer with radiation exposure in radiologists, and bone cancer with radium exposure in luminous dial painters (Doll 1995). It was not known whether other types of cancer might be related to radiation exposure, and there were no data for quantifying cancer risks from radiation exposure in various settings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ionising radiation and cancer risks: What have we learned from epidemiology?

Gilbert¹

2009

International Journal of Radiation Biology

153

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Purpose Epidemiologic studies of persons exposed to ionizing radiation offer a wealth of information on cancer risks in humans. The Life Span Study cohort of Japanese A-bomb survivors, a large cohort that includes all ages and both sexes with a wide range of well-characterized doses, is the primary resource for estimating carcinogenic risks from low linear energy transfer external exposure. Extensive data on persons exposed for therapeutic or diagnostic medical reasons offer the opportunity to study fractionated exposure, risks at high therapeutic doses, and risks of site-specific cancers in non-Japanese populations. Studies of persons exposed for occupational and environmental reasons allow a direct evaluation of exposure at low doses and dose rates, and also provide information on different types of radiation such as radon and iodine-131. This article summarizes the findings from these studies with emphasis on studies with well-characterized doses. Conclusions Epidemiologic studies provide the necessary data for quantifying cancer risks as a function of dose and for setting radiation protection standards. Leukemia and most solid cancers have been linked with radiation. Most solid cancer data are reasonably well described by linear-dose response functions although there may be a downturn in risks at very high doses. Persons exposed early in life have especially high relative risks for many cancers, and radiation-related risk of solid cancers appears to persist throughout life.

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“…Ces risques sont proportionnels à la dose délivrée et à la période d'irradiation, les premières semaines étant les plus critiques [21].…”

Section: Irradiation Et Grossesseunclassified

Focus: urological emergencies during pregnancy

Hermieu

2007

Pelv Perineol

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En raison de modifications anatomiques, physiologiques et fonctionnelles des voies urinaires, la grossesse peut être responsable de nombreuses pathologies urologiques s'exprimant parfois dans un contexte d'urgence et dont certaines peuvent menacer le pronostic vital materno-foetal. L'état de grossesse rend le diagnostic souvent plus difficile car de nombreuses investigations, dont certaines radiologiques, sont déconseillées chez la femme enceinte. Les possibilités thérapeutiques sont limitées, de nombreuses molécules ou certaines procédures chirurgicales étant contre-indiquées ou présentant un risque de déclencher le travail ou d'être délétères pour le foetus. Entre le confort de la patiente et le développement normal du foetus, des compromis sont parfois nécessaires. Le rapport bénéfice/ risque doit être particulièrement bien analysé ce qui nécessite une parfaite connaissance des particularités des pathologies urologiques chez la femme enceinte.L'incidence de la lithiase urinaire au cours de la grossesse est de l'ordre de 1/1500. Elle survient préféren-tiellement au deuxième et troisième trimestres, se manifestant surtout par une lombalgie et/ou une hématurie, mais la symptomatologie est parfois trompeuse. Si sept à huit calculs s'éliminent spontanément, un geste urologique est parfois nécessaire, l'attitude classique étant d'assurer, par un cathéter double J ou une néphrostomie percutanée, le libre écoulement des urines, le traitement définitif du calcul étant réalisé après l'accouchement.Les infections urinaires sont fréquentes au cours de la grossesse et peuvent se présenter sous trois aspects : bactériurie asymptomatique, cystite aiguë, pyélonéphrite aiguë. Une bactériurie non traitée induit un risque de pyélonéphrite de 20 à 50 %. Entre traitement minute et traitement classique de sept jours, il n'existe pas de consensus sur la durée optimale de traitement d'une cystite aiguë. La pyélonéphrite nécessite une antibiothérapie (souvent une céphalosporine de troisième génération) de 10 à 14 jours. Le risque de récidive d'infection urinaire nécessite une surveillance mensuelle des urines.La rupture rénale spontanée est une complication rare au cours de la grossesse. Elle peut survenir dans trois circonstances : rupture spontanée sans cause, rupture de la voie excrétrice liée à une obstruction, rupture secondaire à une tumeur (angiomyolipome). L'échographie est essentielle au diagnostic. La prise en charge va de la simple surveillance, au drainage des urines et/ou de la collection périrénale. Le recours à une néphrectomie en urgence est exceptionnel.Le placenta percreta envahissant la vessie est une variante exceptionnelle du placenta accreta. Il est favorisé par l'existence de cicatrices utérines favorisant la pénétra-tion de villosités placentaires dans le myomètre et le détrusor. Une hématurie n'est notée pendant la grossesse qu'une fois sur trois. La cystoscopie est souvent peu contributive. Lorsque ce diagnostic est évoqué, la biopsie endoscopique de la lésion doit absolument être évitée en raison du risque h...

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Hazards of ionising radiation: 100 years of observations on man

Cited by 60 publications

References 51 publications

Investigating Childhood Leukemia in Churchill County, Nevada

Investigating Childhood Leukemia in Churchill County, Nevada

Ionising radiation and cancer risks: What have we learned from epidemiology?

Focus: urological emergencies during pregnancy

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