Hazards of Secondary Bromadiolone Intoxications Evaluated using High-performance Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection

Abstract

This study reported on the possibility of intoxications of non-target wild animals associated with use of bromadiolone as the active component of rodenticides with anticoagulation effects. A laboratory test was done with earthworms were exposed to bromadiolone-containing granules under the conditions specified in the modified OECD 207 guideline. No mortality of earthworms was observed during the fourteen days long exposure. When the earthworms from the above test became a part of the diet of common voles in the following experiment, no mortality of consumers was observed too. However, electrochemical analysis revealed higher levels of bromadiolone in tissues from earthworms as well as common voles compared to control animals. There were determined comparable levels of bromadiolone in the liver tissue of common voles after primary (2.34±0.10 µg/g) and secondary (2.20±0.53 µg/g) intoxication. Therefore, the risk of secondary intoxication of small mammalian species feeding on bromadiolone-containing Sensors 2007, 7 1272 earthworms is the same as of primary intoxication through baited granules. Bromadiolone bio-accumulation in the food chain was monitored using the newly developed analytical procedure based on the use of a liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detector (HPLC-ED). The HPLC-ED method allowed to determine the levels of bromadiolone in biological samples and is therefore suitable for examining the environmental hazards of this substance.

Determination of Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Electrochemical Detection

“…Stationary and flow electrochemical techniques are very attractive instruments for determining various biologically important compounds such as proteins [43-60], organic compounds of plant origin [61-66], drugs [67-70], etc. Here, we aimed at utilizing two different electrochemical detectors – amperometric (Coulouchem III) or coulometric (CoulArray) coupled with high performance liquid chromatography for detection of ascorbic acid.…”

Rodenticides

“…Primary and secondary toxicity of bromadiolone was investigated in laboratory experiments on earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposed to bromadiolone containing granulated baits for 14 days (Kriskova et al, 2007). A group of common voles (Microtus arvalis) was fed the same bait granules for 5 days to evaluate the level of primary toxicity.…”

New directions for carbon-based detectors: exploiting the versatility of carbon substrates in electroanalysis

“…The surface of carbon can be modified by mechanical [28][29][30], electrochemical [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38], chemical [38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45] or thermal [46] means-the aim being to alter the interfacial reactivity of the base substrate and thereby improve the detector performance. In this review, surface modification is categorised in three levels.…”