HBoV-1: virus structure, genomic features, life cycle, pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis and clinical manifestations

Abstract

The single-stranded DNA virus known as human bocavirus 1 (HBoV-1) is an icosahedral, linear member of the Parvoviridae family. In 2005, it was discovered in nasopharyngeal samples taken from kids who had respiratory tract illnesses. The HBoV genome is 4.7–5.7 kb in total length. The HBoV genome comprises three open-reading frames (ORF1, ORF2, and ORF3) that express structural proteins (VP1, VP2, and VP3), viral non-coding RNA, and non-structural proteins (NS1, NS1-70, NS2, NS3, and NP1) (BocaSR). The NS1 and NP1 are crucial for viral DNA replication and are substantially conserved proteins. Replication of the HBoV-1 genome in non-dividing, polarized airway epithelial cells. In vitro, HBoV-1 infects human airway epithelial cells that are strongly differentiated or polarized. Young children who have HBoV-1 are at risk for developing a wide range of respiratory illnesses, such as the common cold, acute otitis media, pneumonia, and bronchiolitis. The most common clinical symptoms are wheezing, coughing, dyspnea, and rhinorrhea. After infection, HBoV-1 DNA can continue to be present in airway secretions for months. The prevalence of coinfections is considerable, and the clinical symptoms can be more severe than those linked to mono-infections. HBoV-1 is frequently detected in combination with other pathogens in various reports. The fecal-oral and respiratory pathways are more likely to be used for HBoV-1 transmission. HBoV-1 is endemic; it tends to peak in the winter and spring. This Review summarizes the knowledge on HBoV-1.

Parvovirus B19 infection: characteristics of population immunity in the world

“…In 2013, it was named Primate Erythroparvovirus 1 and assigned to the Parvoviridae family, Parvovirinae subfamily and Erythroparvovirus genus at the congress of virologists in Edinburgh (Scotland). At the 2022 regular convention, its name was not changed [15].…”

Analysis of a Cohort of 165 Pediatric Patients with Human Bocavirus Infection and Comparison between Mono-Infection and Respiratory Co-Infections: A Retrospective Study

“…It is a small, icosahedral, linear, non-enveloped, single-stranded DNA virus measuring between 18 and 26 nm [4][5][6]. Four strains of the virus have been detected: HBoV1, HBoV2, HBoV3, and HBoV4 [7,8]; the former has been found primarily in samples from the respiratory tract, responsible for upper and lower respiratory tract infections (RTIs) [9]; instead, HBoV 2-4 have been identified mainly in stool, causing gastrointestinal tract infections [10,11]. The transmission is most likely to occur via the respiratory and fecal-oral routes [12].…”