Abstract:In this work, composites of high density polyethylene (HDPE) with chitosan were prepared by melt compounding in a laboratory internal mixer. Maleic anhydride grafted HDPE (PE-g-MA) in a concentration up to 25 phr was used as a compatibilizer to enhance the dispersing effect of chitosan in the HDPE matrix. The degree of crystallinity was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the thermal properties were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG). The morphology was invest… Show more
“…The reduction in glass particle aggregation is due to an interaction between the surface hydroxyl groups of glass and the carbonyl groups of MAgPE attached to the polymeric matrix, which enhances the mechanical properties of the composites [ 24 , 27 , 28 ]. In comparison with the different concentrations of the reinforced waste glass powder, the size of aggregation increased with increasing glass phase content in the polymeric matrix phase, which agrees with previous studies [ 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Figure 6 SEM images of (a) raw RHDPE, (b) raw WGP, RHDPE/WGP composites without compatibilizer (c) 5 wt%, (e) 10 wt%, (g) 20 wt% and (i) 30 wt% WGP content and RHDPE/MAgPE/WGP composites with 1.5 wt.% MAgPE as a compatibilizer where (d) 5 wt%, (f) 10 wt%, (h) 20 wt% and (j) 30 wt% WGP content.…”
Several reinforcement materials are incorporated into a polymeric matrix to improve the mechanical properties and reduce the cost of the obtained composites. In this work, recycled high-density polyethylene/waste glass powder composites, compatibilized with maleic anhydride-grafted polyethylene, were prepared using a two-roll mill and compression molding techniques. Four levels of waste glass powder, 2, 10, 20 and 30% by weight, and five levels of the compatibilizer, polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride (0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 5 and 7.5%by weight), were used. The effect of adding waste glass powder and compatibilizer concentration on the composite's mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, tensile strain, tensile modulus and thermal properties was studied. The results showed that superior mechanical properties were obtained and that the tensile strength and modulus increased with increasing waste glass powder content and compatibilizer concentration by 20 and 1.5 wt%, respectively. However, the elongation at the break decreased with the increase in both factors. The composite, which was prepared under ideal conditions, has high thermal stability and can be easily recycled and reprocessed for five cycles with high mechanical properties. This study recommends that the prepared composite, under optimum conditions, can be used as a cost-effective automobile dashboard material.
“…The reduction in glass particle aggregation is due to an interaction between the surface hydroxyl groups of glass and the carbonyl groups of MAgPE attached to the polymeric matrix, which enhances the mechanical properties of the composites [ 24 , 27 , 28 ]. In comparison with the different concentrations of the reinforced waste glass powder, the size of aggregation increased with increasing glass phase content in the polymeric matrix phase, which agrees with previous studies [ 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Figure 6 SEM images of (a) raw RHDPE, (b) raw WGP, RHDPE/WGP composites without compatibilizer (c) 5 wt%, (e) 10 wt%, (g) 20 wt% and (i) 30 wt% WGP content and RHDPE/MAgPE/WGP composites with 1.5 wt.% MAgPE as a compatibilizer where (d) 5 wt%, (f) 10 wt%, (h) 20 wt% and (j) 30 wt% WGP content.…”
Several reinforcement materials are incorporated into a polymeric matrix to improve the mechanical properties and reduce the cost of the obtained composites. In this work, recycled high-density polyethylene/waste glass powder composites, compatibilized with maleic anhydride-grafted polyethylene, were prepared using a two-roll mill and compression molding techniques. Four levels of waste glass powder, 2, 10, 20 and 30% by weight, and five levels of the compatibilizer, polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride (0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 5 and 7.5%by weight), were used. The effect of adding waste glass powder and compatibilizer concentration on the composite's mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, tensile strain, tensile modulus and thermal properties was studied. The results showed that superior mechanical properties were obtained and that the tensile strength and modulus increased with increasing waste glass powder content and compatibilizer concentration by 20 and 1.5 wt%, respectively. However, the elongation at the break decreased with the increase in both factors. The composite, which was prepared under ideal conditions, has high thermal stability and can be easily recycled and reprocessed for five cycles with high mechanical properties. This study recommends that the prepared composite, under optimum conditions, can be used as a cost-effective automobile dashboard material.
“…In this case, the improvement in ductility due to PE- g -MA addition can be proved by FESEM observation. These results are closely related to the results reported by Lima et al [ 62 ], where PE- g -MA provided an improvement in ductility and plasticization of a biobased high density polyethylene and its compounds.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 91%
“…Despite there not being a direct change in tensile properties, the presence of PE- g -MA seems to enhance some plasticization of BioHDPE, which can be observed in the morphology section (see Figure 3 ), where a higher plastic deformation can be assessed from FESEM observation. Lima et al [ 62 ] showed how the incorporation of 5% and 10% of PE- g -MA into a HDPE matrix did not change the maximum strength and Young’s modulus, while an increase in the elongation at break was observed. In addition to this, the most important role of PE- g -MA in BioHDPE-natural fiber composites is compatibilization due to its dual functionality.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…With regard to the positive effect of PE- g -MA, Lima et al [ 62 ] reported improved interface interaction in HDPE-chitosan blends. They also concluded PE- g -MA allows better dispersion and prevent aggregate formation.…”
Environmentally friendly wood plastic composites (WPC) with biobased high density polyethylene (BioHDPE) as the polymer matrix and hemp, flax and jute short fibers as natural reinforcements, were melt-compounded using twin-screw extrusion and shaped into pieces by injection molding. Polyethylene-graft-maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA) was added at two parts per hundred resin to the WPC during the extrusion process in order to reduce the lack in compatibility between the lignocellulosic fibers and the non-polar polymer matrix. The results revealed a remarkable improvement of the mechanical properties with the combination of natural fibers, along with PE-g-MA, highly improved stiffness and mechanical properties of neat BioHDPE. Particularly, hemp fiber drastically increased the Young’s modulus and impact strength of BioHDPE. Thermal analysis revealed a slight improvement in thermal stability with the addition of the three lignocellulosic fibers, increasing both melting and degradation temperatures. The incorporation of the fibers also increased water absorption due to their lignocellulosic nature, which drastically improved the polarity of the composite. Finally, fire behavior properties were also improved in terms of flame duration, thanks to the ability of the fibers to form char protective barriers that isolate the material from oxygen and volatiles.
“…The opposite effect was only noted for the PE-g-MA compatibilizer, which is due to the high content of maleic anhydride, which may increase the spherulite size. Similar effects were noted in the work of Lima et al [ 97 ]. Such an effect can also be seen when comparing samples containing SEBS and SEBS-g-MA.…”
The recycling of plastics is currently one of the most significant industrial challenges. Due to the enormous amounts of plastic wastes generated by various industry branches, it is essential to look for potential methods for their utilization. In the presented work, we investigated the recycling potential of wastes originated from the agricultural films recycling line. Their structure and properties were analyzed, and they were modified with 2.5 wt % of commercially available compatibilizers. The mechanical and thermal performance of modified wastes were evaluated by tensile tests, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. It was found that incorporation of such a small amount of modifiers may overcome the drawbacks caused by the presence of impurities. The incorporation of maleic anhydride-grafted compounds enhanced the tensile strength of wastes by 13–25%. The use of more ductile compatibilizers—ethylene-vinyl acetate and paraffin increased the elongation at break by 55–64%. The presence of compatibilizers also reduced the stiffness of materials resulting from the presence of solid particles. It was particularly emphasized for styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, which caused up to a 20% drop of Young’s modulus. Such effects may facilitate the further applications of analyzed wastes, e.g., in polymer film production. Thermal performance was only slightly affected by compatibilization. It caused a slight reduction in polyethylene melting temperatures (up to 2.8 °C) and crystallinity degree (up to 16%). For more contaminated materials, the addition of compatibilizers caused a minor reduction in the decomposition onset (up to 6 °C). At the same time, for the waste after three washing cycles, thermal stability was improved. Moreover, depending on the desired properties and application, materials do not have to go through the whole recycling line, simplifying the process, reducing energy and water consumption. The presented results indicate that it is possible to efficiently use the materials, which do not have to undergo the whole recycling process. Despite the presence of impurities, they could be applied in the manufacturing of products which do not require exceptional mechanical performance.
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