“He forced me to love him”: putting violence on adolescent sexual health agendas

Condoms in sub-Saharan Africa

“…Research from Tanzania, 79 Nigeria, 85,91,92 South Africa, 89,93,94 Kenya, 73,95 and Zambia 96 supports the observation that these beliefs about masculinity and femininity overlap with the belief that the core purpose of sexual interaction is a demonstration of virility and fertility. Sexual activity that does not involve the deposit of semen in the vagina has been described as 'wasting semen' and inhibiting the pleasure of both partners in Tanzania, 79 Kenya, 73,95 Nigeria 92 and Zambia.…”

“…81,85,86 Discounting risks also enhances masculinity in these gendered belief systems. 40,73,87 The coercion and violence documented as common themes in heterosexual relationships in studies in Kenya, 74,81 Mali, 62 Nigeria, 85 Tanzania, 79 South Africa 31,37,63,88,89 and Rwanda 90 has been linked to the belief that a man needs and has a right to sex. That right may be legitimately exercised with physical force or, in some locations, even with gang rape, especially when it is perceived that a girl or woman 'owes' sex to a boy or man.…”

“…That right may be legitimately exercised with physical force or, in some locations, even with gang rape, especially when it is perceived that a girl or woman 'owes' sex to a boy or man. 31,74,79,81,87 Complementary core assumptions about femininity identified in studies in Kenya, 74,87 Nigeria 85 and South Africa 86,88,89 are that sex and pregnancy enhance womanhood, abstinence is deleterious to women's health and the proper maturation of adolescent girls, the deposit of sperm in a woman's vagina enhances her beauty, women are naturally subservient to men, and sexuality and fertility are women's primary and appropriate resources for negotiating material and economic advantages. In combination, these gendered norms and attitudes lead both men and women to reject condoms since their use detracts from or contradicts norms of masculinity or femininity.…”

Relações de intimidade juvenis e adultas, uma análise comparativa: Das narrativas de amor às conjugalidades violentas

“…No entanto, o desenvolvimento recente dos estudos culturais (e.g., Hatfield & Rapson, 2005) e narrativos (e.g., Fraser, 2003;Maxwell, 2007), inspirados pelo construcionismo social, conduziu ao reconhecimento da dimensão cultural dos fenómenos e da sua interligação. Vários estudos procuram identificar os discursos culturais dominantes sobre o amor veiculados pela cultura nos media e nas narrativas populares (e.g., Carpenter, 1998;Wilding, 2003), analisam os discursos e significados sobre o amor e a violência em contextos culturais/etnias específicos (e.g., Perilla, 1999;Puente & Cohen, 2003) ou em populações especiais, como as vítimas e os agressores (e.g., Borochowitz, 2008;Wood, 2001) ou, ainda, os jovens (e.g., Jackson, 2001;Wood, Maforah, & Jewkes, 1998).…”

Rape and HIV Post-Exposure Prophylaxis: Addressing the Dual Epidemics in South Africa

“…4 In fact, the most common forms of sexual coercion are those most vulnerable to under-reporting. 30 These may occur within marriages, dating relationships, families or where sex is agreed to after blackmail, threats or other forms of coercion. Such acts have been recognised in the draft Sexual Offences Bill, which has been updated to incorporate ''coercive circumstances'' (rather than simply lack of consent), and in which marriage or any other relationship cannot be a defence against a charge of rape.…”