Head and face anthropometric study for respirators in the multi-ethnic Asian population of Malaysia

Lim, Yin Cheng; Shakor, Ameerah Su’ad Abdul; Mohamad, Nadia; Pahrol, Muhammad Alfatih; Ismail, Rohaida; Chong, Zhuo Lin; Mutalip, Mohd Hatta Abdul; Omar, Mohd Azahadi; Danaee, Mahmoud; Wan, Guo Tung; Shaharudin, Rafiza

doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.972249

Cited by 7 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Following that, a bivariate RFTP was divided into ten size cells using the method described by Zhuang et al, and the cell boundaries were then adjusted so that the population can be distributed as uniformly as possible among cells (1). In this study, these procedures were followed for the development of new bivariate RFTP based on the results of our anthropometric survey (10).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted across the country using complex sample design that included direct measurement and analysis of 2D photogrammetry among participants in the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2020, aged 18 years and above. The sample strategy was discussed in full in the NHMS 2020 report (11) and in our previously published study (10). In brief, the sampling frame for this study was based on the amended National Population and Housing Census 2020 by Department of Statistics Malaysia (DOSM)(12).…”

Section: Methodology Malaysia Anthropometric Databasementioning

confidence: 99%

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Respiratory Fits Test Panel Representing Population of Malaysia

Lim

Soelar

Shakor

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background: The existing respiratory fits test panels (RFTPs) are based on Bivariate and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) which utilise American and Chinese head and facial dimensions. As RFTPs based on local facial anthropometric data for Malaysia are not available, this study was conducted with the aim to develop new RFTPs using Malaysian data. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted across Malaysia among 3,324 participants of the study of National Health and Morbidity Survey 2020 aged 18 and above. Ten head and facial dimensions were measured. Face length and face width were used to construct bivariate facial panel, whereas the scores from the first two PCA were used to develop the PCA panel. Results: This study showed that Malaysians have the widest upper limit for facial width. It also found that two factors could be reduced from the PCA analysis, with PCA 1 representing head and facial size and PCA 2 representing facial shape. Our bivariate panel could accommodate 94.1% of population, while our PCA panel accommodated 95.5%. Conclusion: This was the first study to use Malaysian head and facial anthropometry data to create bivariate and PCA panels. Respirators constructed using these panels are likely to fit > 94% of Malaysia's population.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodology Malaysia Anthropometric Databasementioning

confidence: 99%

Respiratory Fits Test Panel Representing Population of Malaysia

Lim

Soelar

Shakor

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…It was showed that facial dimension difference existed between Australian-born, United Kingdom-born, and other foreign-born groups by an anthropometric survey of Australian Male [14] . Lim et al [15] found that there were signi cant differences in eight dimensions including bizygomatic breadth, minimum frontal breadth, bigonial breadth, menton-sellion length, interpupillary distance, head breadth, nose protrusion, nose breadth, nasal root breadth and subnasal-sellion length between birthplace and ethnicity in Malaysia. Statistically signi cant differences in facial anthropometric dimensions were noted between four racial/ethnic groups including Caucasian, African-Americans, Hispanic, and other (mainly Asian) in the USA [8] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facial anthropometric dimensions distribution and effects to fits of filtering facepiece respirators in Chinese people

zhang,

xu,

Yang

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Objective To identify the facial anthropometric dimensions distribution and influential factors to fits of filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) in Chinese population. Methods Measurement of 22 facial anthropometric dimensions and fit test were conducted among 785 subjects, who were health care workers and community population in Beijing. 3M 9132, Siwo D918(ear belt with a hook) Siwo D918(head belt) and Wenjian medical N95 respirator were used for the health care workers as well as 3M 9501+, 9502+ respirators were used for community population to do the fit test. The fit of FFRs were measured by a PortaCount fit tester. A fit factor of no less than 100 was considered as “pass” on the fit test. Passing rate (PR) of each FFR was determined as the percentage of the number of people passed the fit test to the number of people participated the fit test. For health care workers, no other FFRs would be tested once a fitted model had been selected by the fit test. Each community people tested no more than 2 FFRs for fit test whether the result pass or not. The PRs were compared by χ2 test. The t-test and ANOVA were used to compare the differences of facial anthropometric dimensions between different feature groups. Non-conditional logistic regression model was used to analyze the influential factor to the fit. Results The morphological facial length-bizygomatic breadth distribution of 77.1% (605/785) subjects and 69.7% (547/785) were within the bounds of NIOSH and Chinese bivariate fit test panels respectively. The morphological facial length was different significantly by native place of subject (F=5.288, p<0.05) while the difference was not found in bizygomatic breadth (p>0.05). 949 fit tests were conducted totally. All health care workers had chosen one fit FFR at least of the four models available. The overall passing rate(PR) was 73.3% (696/949) with no significant gender difference could be observed (p>0.05). The PRs of the 6 FFRs were 49.1%, 90.8%, 81.2%, 9.5%, 17.6% and 59.0%, which were significantly different (p<0.05). Gender difference of PR was not significant of each FFR (p>0.05). There was a difference of PR among subjects with different native place (χ2=27.365, p<0.05). The PRs of different native place groups are 80.6% (Beijing), 71.8% (Shanxi), 70.7% (Hebei), 67.6% (Henan), 65.4% (other provinces) and 58.8% (Shandong). It was found that the effects of age, native place, bitragion-ophryon arc, bitragion-submandibular arc, head breadth and nasal height on fit of FFRs were significant (p＜0.05). Conclusion The fit of a FFR is different significantly in different native populations. It is necessary to conduct fit test before the first using, especially for those with the high respiratory exposure risk. Facial anthropometric dimensions of individuals should be considered when designing and selecting a FFR, as dimensions has an impact on fit. It is better to supply several alternative models of FFR to ensure a satisfying level of fit in target population.

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“…Between December 2021 to January 2022, a total of 135 participants from the states of Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya, Melaka, and Negeri Sembilan were recruited to participate in this study. They were randomly selected from a subset of respondents from a previous study conducted in 2020 that collected facial anthropometry data among Malaysians [ 30 ]. Participants were selected based on their facial cells (cell 1–10) and sizes (small, medium, and large) based on the Malaysian bivariate facial panel derived from Malaysia’s facial anthropometry data [ 30 ], which was categorised by their facial length (menton-sellion length) and facial width (bizygomatic breadth) ( Fig 1 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most FFR were imported from the US and China. Based on available studies, the US and China’s population have different facial dimensions and facial panels compared to Malaysians [ 30 , 31 ]. With the assumption that the produced FFR were based on their facial panels, the imported FFR will most likely unable to fit well with our population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of N95 designs on respirator fit and its associations with gender and facial dimensions

Khairul Hasni,

Ismail,

Muhamad Robat

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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This study examined the association of various brands of NIOSH-certified N95 filtering face-piece respirators (FFR) fit with facial dimensions and gender. One hundred and thirty-five participants (77 females and 58 males) were recruited from the previous facial anthropometry study among Malaysians in 2020. Quantitative respirator fit testing of six FFR were performed using the TSI Portacount Pro+ 8038 which comprised of four exercises (bending over, talking, up-down head movement, and side to side head movement). An overall fit factor (FF) of ≥ 100 was considered a pass for each FFR. Analysis was done using T-test, Pearson’s correlations, and generalised linear regression. The passing rates for the six FFR were 36.3% (Cup B), 50.4% (Trifold A), 54.1% (Duckbill A), 57.0% (Cup A), 74.1% (Trifold B), and 83.7% (Duckbill B). Both Duckbill B and Trifold B had the highest passing rates for both genders. However, certain FFR models (Cup B, Trifold A, Trifold B, and Duckbill A) fit better for participants with large facial size who were mostly males, while others (Cup A and Duckbill B) specifically fit better for those with small facial size, who were mostly females. This study showed significant positive effect of nose protrusion, nasal root and subnasale-sellion and the negative effect of menton-sellion, bigonial breadth and nose breadth on fit factors of various FFR. The results of this study emphasized the importance of choosing and designing FFR based on local anthropometry data, with careful consideration on the dimensions that affect the respirator fit. Since N95 are commonly used in the healthcare settings to prevent airborne transmission, the practice of respirator fit testing and selecting N95 with high passing rates for healthcare workers need to be emphasized.

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Head and face anthropometric study for respirators in the multi-ethnic Asian population of Malaysia

Cited by 7 publications

References 26 publications

Respiratory Fits Test Panel Representing Population of Malaysia

Respiratory Fits Test Panel Representing Population of Malaysia

Facial anthropometric dimensions distribution and effects to fits of filtering facepiece respirators in Chinese people

The effect of N95 designs on respirator fit and its associations with gender and facial dimensions

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