Head Tilt Associated with Encephalitozoonosis in Four Pet Rabbits

Shin, Jin-Cheol; Kim, Sanghun; Kim, Suk; Song, Kun‐Ho

doi:10.17555/jvc.2015.04.32.2.212

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…The most common diseases associated with peripheral and central vestibular syndrome in rabbits are otitis media/interna (OMI) and encephalitozoonosis (EC), respectively. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13] However, vestibular syndrome has also been described in other diseases. Peripheral vestibular syndrome has been associated with OMI 7,8,12,13 and middle/inner ear neoplasia.…”

Section: F I G U R E 1 Right-sided Head Tilt In a Rabbitmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Peripheral vestibular syndrome has been associated with OMI 7,8,12,13 and middle/inner ear neoplasia. 14 Central vestibular syndrome has been associated with meningoencephalitis of fungal (EC caused by Encephalitozoon cuniculi), 7,[9][10][11] bacterial (Pasteurella multocida and Staphylococcus sp. ), 2,15 viral (rabies lyssavirus and herpes simplex virus), [16][17][18][19] protozoal (toxoplasmosis) 20 or helminthic (Baylisascaris procyonis) 21 origin, aberrant Cuterebra intracranial migration, 22 lead intoxication, 23 congenital meningoencephalocele 24 and brainstem cerebrovascular infarction.…”

Section: F I G U R E 1 Right-sided Head Tilt In a Rabbitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Otitis media/interna and encephalitozoonosis are the most common causes of head tilt in pet rabbits in the UK: 73 cases (2009‒2020)

Liatis,

Makri,

Czopowicz

et al. 2024

Veterinary Record

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BackgroundThere are limited studies that identify diseases associated with head tilt in pet rabbits.MethodsThis was an observational, retrospective, single‐centre study of rabbits with head tilt presented between 2009 and 2020. Descriptive statistics were performed for all cases, whereas univariate and multivariate analyses were only performed for the 36 cases with a final diagnosis.ResultsSeventy‐three rabbits met the inclusion criteria. The final diagnoses included Encephalitozoon cuniculi meningoencephalomyelitis (EC) (15/36; 41.7%), otitis media/interna (OMI) (8/36; 22.2%) and concurrent EC and OMI (13/38; 36.1%). Subacute‐to‐chronic onset was more common in rabbits with OMI than in those with EC (p = 0.018). Previous middle ear surgery (p = 0.046) and a diagnosis of otitis externa (p = 0.004) significantly increased the risk of OMI. Meloxicam was associated with improvement of clinical signs (p = 0.007). Upright ears (p = 0.013), recumbency (p = 0.037) and impaired mentation (p = 0.001) were associated with a higher risk of death/euthanasia. The proportions of residual head tilt (66.7%) and relapse of vestibular signs (42.1%) were high.LimitationsThis was a retrospective study with cases varying in their investigation and conclusive final diagnoses.ConclusionOMI and EC were the most common aetiologies of head tilt in pet rabbits in the UK. Meloxicam might be associated with a favourable outcome in affected rabbits. Paired EC serology and a CT scan of the head should be the baseline investigation for head tilt in rabbits.

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Section: F I G U R E 1 Right-sided Head Tilt In a Rabbitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: F I G U R E 1 Right-sided Head Tilt In a Rabbitmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Otitis media/interna and encephalitozoonosis are the most common causes of head tilt in pet rabbits in the UK: 73 cases (2009‒2020)

Liatis,

Makri,

Czopowicz

et al. 2024

Veterinary Record

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Encephalitozoon cuniculi: An Emergent Pathogen

Coelho,

Lopes,

Morais

et al. 2024

Veterinary Care of Farm Rabbits

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Adjuvant Metronomic Chemotherapy in a Dog with Nasal Transitional Carcinoma

et al. 2015

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A four-year-old spayed female Maltese dog weighing 3 kg was referred with reverse sneezing and fourmonth history of unilateral nasal discharge. She was diagnosed as nasal transitional carcinoma which in bilateral nasal cavity and extending into the frontal sinus by biopsy with rhinoscopy. Metronomic chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide (12.5 mg/m 2 ) and toceranib phosphate (2.5 mg/kg) was initiated following after surgical treatment of nasal mass debulking. Clinical response was good and had no side effects during the chemotherapy period (11 months after diagnosis). This is a case report describing adjuvant metronomic chemotherapy in nasal transitional carcinoma in Korea.

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Head Tilt Associated with Encephalitozoonosis in Four Pet Rabbits

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Otitis media/interna and encephalitozoonosis are the most common causes of head tilt in pet rabbits in the UK: 73 cases (2009‒2020)

Otitis media/interna and encephalitozoonosis are the most common causes of head tilt in pet rabbits in the UK: 73 cases (2009‒2020)

Encephalitozoon cuniculi: An Emergent Pathogen

Adjuvant Metronomic Chemotherapy in a Dog with Nasal Transitional Carcinoma

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