Headache as a Symptom of COVID-19: Narrative Review of 1-Year Research

Caronna, Edoardo; Pozo‐Rosich, Patricia

doi:10.1007/s11916-021-00987-8

Cited by 41 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…In another large cohort study, 1,278 children were diagnosed with acute SARS-CoV-2, of whom 215 were diagnosed with MIS-C. Forty-four percent of patients in that cohort showed neurological signs, and the most common neurological signs were headache (16%) and acute encephalopathy (15%) [16]. Headaches mainly showed a tensiontype-like phenotype and were bifrontal, while 25% of patients had migraine-like characteristics [17]. Encephalopathy was defined as altered mental status and lethargy, with reports of MIS-C-related encephalopathy mainly in pediatric patients [2].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurological Symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Pediatric Patients

Yang

Kang

2022

Ann Child Neurol

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Purpose: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes various neurological symptoms in children, as well as respiratory symptoms, and the number of reported cases is increasing with the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants. This study aimed to investigate the neurological symptoms and incidence in pediatric patients hospitalized with COVID-19.Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of patients under the age of 18 diagnosed with COVID-19 and admitted to National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital using real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction from December 2020 to March 2022. We reviewed data on the age of confirmed COVID-19 patients, fever, and respiratory, gastrointestinal, and neurological symptoms. We evaluated the chief complaints of hospitalization and classified them as non-neurological or neurological, according to the chief complaints that caused the most discomfort.Results: Among 376 patients, 63 (16.8%) and 313 (83.2%) patients were classified as having neurological and non-neurological symptoms, respectively. The most common neurological symptoms were headache (49, 13.0%), followed by seizures (39, 10.4%), myalgia (24, 6.4%), and dizziness (14, 3.7%). Additionally, there were patients with anosmia (nine, 2.4%), ageusia (four, 1.1%), and visual disturbance (twi, 0.5%). Of the 39 patients who experienced seizures, 15 (15/39, 51.7%) had no symptoms except fever, and seizures were the only main presenting symptom of SARS-CoV-2 infection.Conclusion: Neurological symptoms are common in pediatric COVID-19 patients. Seizures can be an early symptom of SARS-CoV-2 infection and should not be underestimated during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurological Symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Pediatric Patients

Yang

Kang

2022

Ann Child Neurol

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“…However, numerous nerve endings of the fifth cranial nerve, the trigeminal nerve, are also present in the nasal cavity. Since various studies have identified the presence of a huge viral load in the trigeminal ganglion [ 27 , 48 , 49 ] and its role in the perception and differentiation of certain odors [ 27 , 28 ], we decided to test this hypothesis of trigeminal nerve involvement by examining the sensitivity of the olfactory and the trigeminal nerve using clove and camphor fragrances. The rationale for choosing these specific fragrances was also based on various scientific studies, which suggested that the fragrances of cloves are primarily recognized by the olfactory nerve and the fragrances of camphor are primarily recognized by the trigeminal nerve [ 3 , 30 , 32 , 33 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Smell and Taste Disturbances among COVID-19 Convalescent Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study in Armenia

Melkumyan

Shingala

Simonyan

et al. 2022

JCM

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Background and Objectives: Neurological manifestations of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) such as olfactory and gustatory disturbance have been reported among convalescent COVID-19 patients. However, scientific data on the prevalence of smell and taste disturbance are lacking. Therefore, we present findings on the degree of smell and taste disturbances among the Armenian population. Methods: Study participants were randomly recruited and then categorized into two groups based on their course of the disease. A cross-sectional study was performed to assess participants’ sensitivity to smell triggered by the olfactory and the trigeminal nerves; their ability to differentiate between various odors; and to evaluate their gustatory perception. Results: The smell test revealed that the degree of olfactory nerve disturbance was different by 30.7% in those participants of the early group as compared to those of the late group, and the degree of trigeminal nerve disturbance was different by 71.3% in the early group as compared to the late group. A variation of the differentiating ability among the participants of the early and late groups was detected. Gustatory disturbances for all flavors were also found to be different in both the groups. A moderate positive correlation (0.51) was found between the overall sensitivity of smell and the ability to differentiate between various odors as cumulatively stimulated by both the olfactory and trigeminal nerves. Also, a moderate positive correlation (0.33) was found between headache and smell sensitivity through the olfactory nerve and a high negative correlation (−0.71) was found between headache and smell sensitivity through the trigeminal nerve. Conclusion: Pathological changes in the olfactory and trigeminal perceptive abilities caused disturbances in smell sensation, with the trigeminal nerve being more affected. The capacity to differentiate fragrances did not improve with time and the disturbance severity of bitter taste perception was higher among the study participants.

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“…Consequently, only hypotheses have been proposed so far. In their comprehensive review, Caronna and Pozo-Rosich proposed several such concepts [14], e.g. :…”

Section: Considerations For Review Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19-related headache and innate immune response — a narrative review

Straburzyński

Kuca-Warnawin

Waliszewska‐Prosół

2023

Neurol Neurochir Pol.

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Headache is one of the most prevalent, although often underreported, symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 . It is generally accepted that this symptom is a form of secondary headache due to systemic viral infection. There are several hypotheses that try to explain its aetiopathogenesis. One of the most compelling is related to innate immune response to viral infection. This rationale is supported by similarities to other viral infections and the temporal overlap between immunological reactions and headache. Moreover, several key factors in innate immunity have been shown to facilitate headache e.g. interferons, interleukin (IL) -1-β, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor. There is also a possibility that the virus causes headache by the direct activation of afferents through pattern recognition receptors (i.e. Toll-like receptor 7). Moreover, some data on post-COVID-19 headache and after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 infection suggests a similar cytokine-mediated pathomechanism in these clinical situations. Future research should look for evidence of causality between particular immune response factors and headache. Identifying key molecules responsible for headache during acute viral infection would be an important step towards managing one of the most prevalent secondary headache disorders.

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Headache as a Symptom of COVID-19: Narrative Review of 1-Year Research

Cited by 41 publications

References 73 publications

Neurological Symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Pediatric Patients

Neurological Symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Pediatric Patients

Assessment of Smell and Taste Disturbances among COVID-19 Convalescent Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study in Armenia

COVID-19-related headache and innate immune response — a narrative review

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