Headache in multiple sclerosis

Abstract

The methanol extract of Plantago major subsp. intermedia (Gilib.) Lange afforded 4 known compounds, namely isomartynoside (1), 10-hydroxymajoroside (2), β -sitosterol (3), and ursolic acid (4). Their structures were established by spectroscopic methods. After determination of the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the methanol extract, the antioxidant potentials of the crude extract and isolated compounds 1-4 were determined by β -carotene bleaching, DPPH free radical and ABTS cation radical scavenging, and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity methods. The methanol extract, rich in phenolic contents, indicated the same DPPH free radical scavenging activity (72% inhibition) as a standard compound, butylated hydroxytoluene, at 100 μ g/mL. Isomartynoside (1), a phenylpropanoid glycoside, showed the best inhibition of lipid peroxidation, ABTS cation radical scavenging activity, and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity among the tested samples. The anticholinesterase effects of the methanol extract and isolated compounds 1-4 were established using the Ellman method. A triterpenic acid, ursolic acid (4), exhibited moderate acetyl-(54.01 ± 0.82%) and butyryl-cholinesterase (68.74 ± 0.36%) inhibitory activity at 200 μ g/mL. Isomartynoside (1) was isolated here for the first time from a Plantago species; the antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of P. major subsp. intermedia and compounds 1-2 were not previously determined.

Effects of Sexual Dysfunction, Fatigue, and Depression on the Quality of Life of Women with Multiple Sclerosis

“…In studies conducted by Arpacı et al (13) and Solaro et al (14), the level of disability assessed by the EDSS score was 2.8 and 3.3, respectively. In our study, the mean EDSS score was similar to those determined in the aforementioned studies (10)(11)(12)(13)(14). SD, which is a common problem in patients with MS, is often overlooked because people refrain from talking about it (15).…”

“…The form was used to question the characteristics of the participants such as age, sex, bodyweight, height, education level, marital status, number of children, social insurance, working status, MS history, disease type, and whether they had undergone physiotherapy and rehabilitation therapy. Then, the obtained data were recorded (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11).…”

“…Studies have suggested that SD, fatigue, and depression are the most important factors that negatively affect the QoL in patients with MS (9,10). SD, fatigue, and depression, which are among the irreversible problems of women with MS, negatively affect their QoL (11). Therefore, detecting SD problems in the routine follow-ups of women with MS, making measurements to evaluate fatigue, depression, and QoL, and using them in clinical settings will generate positive changes on the disease course in women with MS.…”

The epidemiology of primary headaches in patients with multiple sclerosis

“…After abstract screening and manual searching of references, we search out 62 articles meeting the criteria for full‐text reviewing. Among the 62 articles, 46 were excluded and 16 research articles were included in the final meta‐analysis (Beckmann & Türe, 2019; Busillo et al., 2014; D'Amico et al., 2004; Doi et al., 2009; Gebhardt, Kropp, Hoffmann, & Zettl, 2018; Gustavsen et al., 2016; Katsiari, Vikelis, Paraskevopoulou, Sfikakis, & Mitsikostas, 2011; Kister et al., 2010; Möhrke, Kropp, & Zettl, 2013; Nicoletti et al., 2008; Özer, Ergün, & İnan, 2018; Putzki et al., 2009; Sorgun, Yucesan, & Yasemin, 2013; Srivastava, Wang, Ugurlu, & Amezcua, 2016; Vacca et al., 2007; Villani et al., 2008).…”