1989
DOI: 10.1121/1.397557
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Headphone simulation of free-field listening. I: Stimulus synthesis

Abstract: This article describes techniques used to synthesize headphone-presented stimuli that simulate the ear-canal waveforms produced by free-field sources. The stimulus synthesis techniques involve measurement of each subject's free-field-to-eardrum transfer functions for sources at a large number of locations in free field, and measurement of headphone-to-eardrum transfer functions with the subject wearing headphones. Digital filters are then constructed from the transfer function measurements, and stimuli are pas… Show more

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Cited by 545 publications
(284 citation statements)
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“…We presented frozen, broadband noise to decerebrate cats, with cues for sound localization added by using virtual-space techniques (16). The rationale for the design of these experiments is explained elsewhere (17,18).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…We presented frozen, broadband noise to decerebrate cats, with cues for sound localization added by using virtual-space techniques (16). The rationale for the design of these experiments is explained elsewhere (17,18).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The filter properties of the outer ear vary as a function of the location of the source relative to the ear and are referred to as the head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) (e.g. Wightman and Kistler 1989). These spectral variations are perceptually significant (e.g.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Because there are usually several reflections from the pinna, the spectrum of the sound reaching the eardrum is complex, containing multiple peaks and dips. The spectral pattern varies systematically with the direction of the sound source, and this information is used for localization, particularly in telling whether a sound is coming from in front or behind the head, and below or above the head (85,97). The spectral cues provided by the pinna occur mainly at high frequencies; the frequency range above 6 kHz is especially important.…”
Section: Sound Localization Based On Pinna Cuesmentioning
confidence: 99%