Heads or tails: Nanostructure and molecular orientations in organised erucamide surface layers

Gubala, Dajana M; Fox, Laura J.; Harniman, Robert L.; Hussain, Hadeel; Robles, Eric S. J.; Chen, Meng; Briscoe, Wuge H.

doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2021.01.087

Cited by 11 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Silicon wafer (orientation: ⟨100⟩; thickness: 1 mm) used as a substrate was obtained from University Wafer (USA). The wafer was prepared according to procedure described elsewhere . PP-coated silica surfaces were prepared via spin coating/casting (3000 rpm, 60 s) of 20 μL of hot (120 °C) 2 wt % PP in xylene (Fisher Scientific UK, 98%) solution on the preheated (100 °C) silicon substrate.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Synchrotron X-ray reflectivity (XRR) has revealed the multilayer structure in the spin cast erucamide film on a hydrophobic surface, and the wettability of the surface film was evaluated via static contact angle measurements. The results are discussed with a focus on the molecular orientation of the outermost erucamide layer and compared with those on a hydrophilic surface . Furthermore, the structure, molecular orientation, and nanomechanical properties of the erucamide multilayers are correlated with those obtained for polypropylene fibers coated with erucamide via blooming from the polymer matrix .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Amphiphilic molecules such as alkyl derivatives (e.g., fatty acids, fatty amines, and fatty acid amides) are widely used to tune interfacial functionality without interfering with substrate bulk properties of materials ranging from polymers (i.e., polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP)), − and metal surfaces (i.e., iron oxide, steel) − to model substrates (i.e., silica, mica, graphite). − These surface-active molecules are often used in order to moderate material friction and adhesion properties providing easier handling, processing and frequently superior consumer perception of the final product. The self-assembly of amphiphilic molecules (i.e., film thickness, packing density, and molecular orientation) is highly dependent on their molecular architecture (head group chemistry, ,− alkyl chain length, − and degree of unsaturation ,, ) and can be controlled with the additive concentration, substrate chemistry, and sample preparation conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The self-assembly of amphiphilic molecules (i.e., film thickness, packing density, and molecular orientation) is highly dependent on their molecular architecture (head group chemistry, ,− alkyl chain length, − and degree of unsaturation ,, ) and can be controlled with the additive concentration, substrate chemistry, and sample preparation conditions. Depending on the desired application, the additive can be introduced externally via physisorption and chemisorption (i.e., drop casting, spin coating, , dip coating, , Langmuir–Blodgett deposition − ) or internally via subsequent migration from the substrate matrix (i.e., blooming), the route often applied in polyolefin-additive systems. ,, …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Erucamide (13- cis -docosenamide, C 22 H 43 NO; Figure L) is a common slip additive for controlling frictional and adhesive properties for polymer materials and facilitating their production consistency (e.g., handling and manufacturing) and superior consumer perceptions of the final product (e.g., softness, general appearance). , Erucamide can be introduced to the material externally through physical adsorption or internally via the “ blooming ” process during which erucamide molecules migrate through the polymer matrix as a result of their incompatibility with the hydrophobic polyolefin. Both methods result in surfaces of erucamide-modified morphology and nanomechanical properties (i.e., friction and adhesion) tunable with substrate materials, ,,,,− erucamide concentration, , and temperature. − The molecular packing and orientation of erucamide, particularly in the outermost layer of an erucamide thin film, is highly relevant to its nanomechanical properties and performance to tailor surface properties of polymer products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Structure, Nanomechanical Properties, and Wettability of Organized Erucamide Layers on a Polypropylene Surface

et al. 2021

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Understanding the nanostructure and nanomechanical properties of surface layers of erucamide, in particular the molecular orientation of the outermost layer, is important to its widespread use as a slip additive in polymer materials. Extending our recent observations of nanomorphologies of erucamide layers on a hydrophilic silica substrate, here we evaluate its nanostructure on a more hydrophobic polypropylene surface. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging revealed the molecular packing, thickness, and surface coverage of the erucamide layers, while peak force quantitative nanomechanical mapping (QNM) showed that erucamide reduced the adhesive response on polypropylene. Synchrotron X-ray reflectivity (XRR) was used to probe the out-of-plane structure of the surface layers. Static contact angle measurements further corroborated on the resulting wettability, also demonstrating the efficacy of erucamide physisorption in facilitating control over polypropylene surface wetting. The results show the formation of erucamide monolayers, bilayers and multilayers, depending on the concentration in the spin-cast solution. Correlation of AFM, XRR and wettability results consistently points to the molecular orientation in the outermost layer, i.e. with the erucamide tails pointing outward for the surface nanostructures with different morphologies (i.e., bilayers and multilayers). Rare occurrence of monolayers with exposed hydrophilic head groups were observed only at the lowest erucamide concentration. Compared with our previous observations on the hydrophilic surface, the erucamide surface coverage was much higher on the more hydrophobic propylene surface at similar erucamide concentrations in the spin-cast solution. Furthermore, the structure, molecular orientation and nanomechanical properties of the spin-cast erucamide multilayers atop polypropylene were also similar to those on industrially relevant polypropylene fibers coated with erucamide via blooming. These findings shed light on the nanostructural features of the erucamide surface layer underpinning its nanomechanical properties, relevant to many applications in which erucamide is commonly used as a slip additive.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Structure, Nanomechanical Properties, and Wettability of Organized Erucamide Layers on a Polypropylene Surface

et al. 2021

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Sustainable Drag Reduction of Fatty Acid Amide‐Based Oleogel Surface Under High‐Speed Shear Flows

Hameed

Lee

2023

Adv Materials Inter

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Nepenthes alata‐inspired micro/nano‐textured lubricant‐infused surface (LIS) has shown strong potential in the fields of drag reduction (DR), anti‐biofouling, and self‐cleaning. However, its surface‐slippery property is largely degraded under turbulent shear flow conditions due to the loss of the impregnated oil. This condition inhibits its practical applications to marine vehicles. The mucus‐impregnated tissue systems of marine creatures are primarily based on fatty acid amides (FAAs), such as erucamide or oleamide, which have been commercially utilized as solid‐slip additives. A stable lubricant interface of erucamide‐PDMS composite (EPC) oleogel is formed by cross‐linking erucamide with PDMS gel network prior to infusion of silicon oil. In this study, the surface stability and lubricant retention of EPC are investigated in consideration of DR applications. The fabricated EPC‐oleogel surface exhibits shear stable DR under harsh conditions, such as high pressure, temperature, and shear flow conditions. The surface shows a shear stable DR performance of about 14% even up to a high‐speed flow of 12 ms−1, corresponding to friction Reynolds number (Reτ) of approximately 5000. The superior lubrication stability of FAA‐oleogel at the flow conditions of cruising ships ensures its strong potential for sustainable fuel economy of marine vehicles.

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2D Erucamide Crystal Synthesis and Ultraviolet Photodetection

Cao,

Li,

et al. 2024

Advanced Optical Materials

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Abstract2D organic crystals play a unique role in photodetection owing to their tunable detection wavelength, low manufacturing cost, compatibility with lightweight, and controllable synthesis. However, their detection wavelength range mainly encompasses the visible (Vis) and near‐infrared (NIR) spectra. Herein, 2D erucamide crystals are synthesized using nitrogen gas and methanol as raw materials without catalysts at room temperature under atmospheric pressure via laser processing. The synthesized 2D erucamide is demonstrated to be a promising broad bandgap organic semiconductor material. A UV photodetector made of 2D erucamide exhibited a responsivity as high as 145 mA W−1, a millisecond‐level response speed, and an excellent detectivity of 4.96 × 109 Jones. Furthermore, the synthesized erucamide showed an excellent UV–vis suppression ratio (R254 nm/R532 nm) of 59. The synthesis mechanism of erucamide via laser bubbling in liquids is proposed. Thermodynamically, the high temperature of the bubbles is beneficial for nitrogen and methanol decomposition. Kinetically, rapid bubble quenching facilitates final product formation. This accomplishment represented the pioneering utilization of lasers in converting nitrogen gas into organic compounds while introducing 2D erucamide into the realm of organic UV photodetectors.

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Heads or tails: Nanostructure and molecular orientations in organised erucamide surface layers

Cited by 11 publications

References 45 publications

Structure, Nanomechanical Properties, and Wettability of Organized Erucamide Layers on a Polypropylene Surface

Structure, Nanomechanical Properties, and Wettability of Organized Erucamide Layers on a Polypropylene Surface

Sustainable Drag Reduction of Fatty Acid Amide‐Based Oleogel Surface Under High‐Speed Shear Flows

2D Erucamide Crystal Synthesis and Ultraviolet Photodetection

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