Headspace analysis of ammonium nitrate variants and the effects of differing vapor profiles on canine detection

DeGreeff, Lauryn E.; Peranich, Kimberly

doi:10.1016/j.forc.2021.100342

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The use of blanks is therefore important in training to reinforce the target odor. This trend was also noted qualitatively by DeGreeff and Peranich in a study on ammonium nitrate variants [18]. As humidity increased, so did the relative abundances of non‐target‐related compounds.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 71%

“…Some of the conclusions also likely apply to other TATP alternative training aids and are discussed here. and Peranich in a study on ammonium nitrate variants [18]. As humidity increased, so did the relative abundances of non-targetrelated compounds.…”

Section: Implications For Usementioning

confidence: 99%

“…While humidity is often noted in vapor studies as an environmental variable, only one publication exists that explicitly examines the effects of humidity on a canine target odor. DeGreeff and Peranich [18] examined three variants of ammonium nitrate at four different relative humidity (RH)/temperature pairings. They found a significant increase in ammonia vapor at 40 %RH and 26°C and 60 %RH and 32°C compared to 20 %RH and 20°C and 20 %RH and 6°C.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Towards maintaining canine training aid integrity: Effects of environmental factors and operational use on the triacetone triperoxide polymer odor capture‐and‐release system

Cropper,

Riley,

Simon

2024

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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There are many factors that may affect the longevity of or guide the use of canine training aids. Literature to date has mainly focused on identifying the headspace volatiles associated with training aids or odors and only minimal research exists into how different variables may alter those volatiles. The current study examines several factors affecting canine training aids: humidity, air flow, transportation, and operational deployment, using the triacetone triperoxide polymer odor capture‐and‐release canine training aid (TATP POCR) as the target. The TATP POCR is an absorption‐based canine training aid developed to be used to safely train canines to detect the odor of the explosive TATP in operational settings. Comparisons of the TATP POCR to neat TATP are made throughout the manuscript. First, humidity increased the background components of the POCR matrix, as well as the amount of TATP recovered was above the POCR. Humidity thus affected the amount of TATP detected but did not prevent detection. Second, air flow lessened the lifetime of the TATP POCR. Third, the practice of using primary and secondary containment successfully prevented contamination, cross‐contamination, and significant target loss, thereby maintaining kit integrity. Finally, the absorption of background odors from training environments was not observed. TATP headspace concentrations between a Deployed and Control POCR kit were not significantly different at time 0 (i.e., upon opening), which suggests that the operational use does not affect the function of the TATP POCR system. This information provides pivotal evidence for explosives detection canine handlers or trainers who utilize the TATP POCR.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 71%

Section: Implications For Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Towards maintaining canine training aid integrity: Effects of environmental factors and operational use on the triacetone triperoxide polymer odor capture‐and‐release system

Cropper,

Riley,

Simon

2024

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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“…In order for a canine to detect a target, such as an explosive, the target must be in the vapor phase (though the authors concede there may be detection of particle on some occasions), yet F-Ox mixture oxidizers are most commonly inorganic salts that do not inherently have a vapor pressure. For vapor detection of such oxidizer salts, it is thought that the vaporous components come from the decomposition of the salts producing the disassociation of the two ions [8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. For AN and UN, ammonia vapor is readily detected in the headspace [8,[11][12][13][14], while chlorine is detected from PC [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For vapor detection of such oxidizer salts, it is thought that the vaporous components come from the decomposition of the salts producing the disassociation of the two ions [8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. For AN and UN, ammonia vapor is readily detected in the headspace [8,[11][12][13][14], while chlorine is detected from PC [10]. For both analytes, analysis is difficult, as both ammonia and chlorine are difficult to trap by instrumentation commonly used for headspace analysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of canine training aids containment for homemade explosive and components by headspace analysis and canine testing

Katilie,

DeGreeff,

Sharpes

et al. 2023

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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While canines are most commonly trained to detect traditional explosives, such as nitroaromatics and smokeless powders, homemade explosives (HMEs), such as fuel–oxidizer mixtures, are arguably a greater threat. As such, it is imperative that canines are sufficiently trained in the detection of such HMEs. The training aid delivery device (TADD) is a primary containment device that has been used to house HMEs and HME components for canine detection training purposes. This research assesses the odor release from HME components, ammonium nitrate (AN), urea nitrate (UN), and potassium chlorate (PC), housed in TADDs. Canine odor recognition tests (ORTs) were used with analytical data to determine the detectability of TADDs containing AN, UN, or PC. Headspace analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) or online cryotrapping were used to measure ammonia or chlorine, as well as other unwanted odorants, emanating from bulk AN, UN, and PC in TADDs over 28 weeks. The analytical data showed variation in the amount of ammonia and chlorine over time, with ammonia from AN and UN decreasing slowly over time and the abundance of chlorine from PC TADDs dependent on the frequency of exposure to ambient air. Even with these variations in odor abundance, canines previously trained to detect bulk explosive HME components were able to detect all three targets in glass and plastic TADDs for at least 18 months after loading. Detection proficiency ranged from 64% to 100% and was not found to be dependent on either age of material.

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Forensic and Security Applications of Substance Detection Canines

Prada-Tiedemann,

DeGreeff,

Schultz

2023

Olfactory Research in Dogs

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Headspace analysis of ammonium nitrate variants and the effects of differing vapor profiles on canine detection

Cited by 11 publications

References 7 publications

Towards maintaining canine training aid integrity: Effects of environmental factors and operational use on the triacetone triperoxide polymer odor capture‐and‐release system

Towards maintaining canine training aid integrity: Effects of environmental factors and operational use on the triacetone triperoxide polymer odor capture‐and‐release system

Evaluation of canine training aids containment for homemade explosive and components by headspace analysis and canine testing

Forensic and Security Applications of Substance Detection Canines

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