Health and financial costs of adverse childhood experiences in 28 European countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Adverse childhood experiences and adolescent drug use in the UK: The moderating role of socioeconomic position and ethnicity

“…Although, there has been little research into the role ACEs play in adolescent drug use in comparison to research focusing on the relationship between ACEs and adolescent alcohol use/problematic alcohol drinking or/and smoking ( Hughes et al, 2017 ), a recent combined analysis using data from five non-representative UK cross-sectional studies highlighted a graded relationship between the number of ACEs and the risk of drug use, with ACEs accounting for 58.8% and 52.6% of drug use in the Welsh and the English sample accordingly ( Hughes et al, 2020 ). Similarly a recently published systematic review and metanalysis ( Hughes et al, 2021 ) using data from 17 studies conducted in 13 European countries (UK, Romania, Lithuania, Latvia, Russia, North Macedonia, Turkey, Montenegro, Serbia, Ukraine, Czech Republic, Poland and Moldova) found a graded positive relationship, with a reported 59% increased risk of drug use with exposure to 1 ACE and a 163% increased risk of drug use with exposure to 2 or more ACEs. Similar graded relationships between ACEs and drug use have been reported from individual studies conducted in the US ( Anda et al, 2006 ) and India ( Fernandes et al, 2021 ).…”

Using Microbiome-Based Approaches to Deprogram Chronic Disorders and Extend the Healthspan Following Adverse Childhood Experiences

“…Not surprisingly, the cost in human capital and even national economic sustainability is staggering. A recent survey of European countries estimated that the economic burden of ACEs amounted to more than 120 billion US dollars per annum for a country like Germany and ranged up to 6% of Ukraine's gross domestic product [22].…”

The Intersection of Neighborhood Environment and Adverse Childhood Experiences: Methods for Creation of a Neighborhood ACEs Index

“…Experiences commonly considered ACEs include physical, sexual, or emotional abuse, physical or emotional neglect, witnessing domestic or community violence, and a household member's substance use, incarceration, or mental illness [1][2][3]. Estimates of ACEs prevalence vary across populations, though most suggest that at least half to two-thirds of individuals have experienced one or more ACEs, with members of groups affected by health inequities bearing a disproportionate ACEs burden [2,[4][5][6][7][8][9]. ACEs are associated with health-hindering behaviors and worse mental and physical health [5,6,8], including smoking, alcohol use, anxiety, depression, cancer, and cardiovascular disease.…”

“…Estimates of ACEs prevalence vary across populations, though most suggest that at least half to two-thirds of individuals have experienced one or more ACEs, with members of groups affected by health inequities bearing a disproportionate ACEs burden [2,[4][5][6][7][8][9]. ACEs are associated with health-hindering behaviors and worse mental and physical health [5,6,8], including smoking, alcohol use, anxiety, depression, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. ACEs' effects vary based upon ACE type, severity, chronicity, as well as how the ACEs are experienced by the affected individual.…”

“…ACEs' effects vary based upon ACE type, severity, chronicity, as well as how the ACEs are experienced by the affected individual. Further, ACEs can be mitigated by supportive resources, protective factors, and resilience, leading to individual variation in harmful effects of ACEs [5,6,8,10]. However, in general, ACEs-associated risks increase with number of ACEs experienced.…”