Health anxiety and related factors among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study from Iran

Saadati, Najmieh; Afshari, Poorandokht; Boostani, Hatam; Beheshtinasab, Maryam; Abedi, Parvin; Maraghi, Elham

doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03092-7

Cited by 36 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Previous studies have reported that ‘employed’ status, higher educational level, lower income, nulliparity and being in the first or third trimester are significant correlates of antenatal anxiety ( Berthelot et al, 2020 , Ceulemans et al, 2021 , Ding et al, 2021 , Effati-Daryani et al, 2020 , Hamzehgardeshi et al, 2021 , Liu et al, 2020 , Mappa et al, 2020 , Mei et al, 2020 , Patabendige et al, 2020 , Saadati et al, 2021 , Saccone et al, 2020 , Wu et al, 2020 ). In our study, either some of these variables did not reach statistical significance in the multivariate model for predicting generalized anxiety or were found to be significant correlates only of antenatal COVID-19 specific anxiety.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Eight studies each have been reported from Europe and American continents, and 17 studies are reported from Asia, of which only one study ( Anandhi et al, 2021 that assessed anxiety in pregnant women who were COVID positive, compared to those who were COVID negative) was from India. Antenatal anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic has been found to be related to employment status ( Ceulemans et al, 2021 , Wu et al, 2020 ), educational level ( Effati-Daryani et al, 2020 , Mappa et al, 2020 , Mei et al, 2020 ), income ( Berthelot et al, 2020 , Liu et al, 2020 , Patabendige et al, 2020 , Wu et al, 2020 ), parity ( Hamzehgardeshi et al, 2021 , Ding et al, 2021 , Mappa et al, 2020 , Wu et al, 2020 ) and trimester ( Saadati et al, 2021 , Saccone et al, 2020 ). COVID-19 anxiety/fear, perceived social support and risk perception of COVID-19 too have been reported as significant determinants of antenatal anxiety ( Ayaz et al, 2020 , Bavel et al, 2020 , Effati-Daryani et al, 2020 , Dagklis et al, 2020 , Ding et al, 2021 , Farewell et al, 2020 , Hamzehgardeshi et al, 2021 , Hossain et al, 2020 , Jiang et al, 2021 , Kuang et al, 2020 , Lebel et al, 2020 , Moyer et al, 2020 , Özmete and Pak, 2020 , Patabendige et al, 2020 , Saccone et al, 2020 , Yue et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anxiety among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic in India − A multicentric study

Tikka

Parial²,

Pattojoshi

et al. 2021

Asian Journal of Psychiatry

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While higher anxiety during antenatal period cause several maternal and foetal health related complications, lower anxiety levels are found to be associated with lesser “precautionary behaviours” and consequently greater risk of infection, during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, we aimed to assess rates and determinants of generalized anxiety at the time of the pandemic as well as anxiety that was specific to the context of being pregnant during the COVID-19 pandemic. (COVID-19-antenatal anxiety) in Indian women. This hospital-based, cross-sectional study using face-to-face interviews was conducted at antenatal clinics of five medical college hospitals in India. The Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale (GAD −7) and a customized scale to assess antenatal COVID-19 anxiety along with other tools that assessed social support and COVID-19-risk perception were administered to 620 pregnant women. We found that the percentage of women with moderate or severe anxiety based on GAD −7 was 11.1%. Multivariate analysis showed that higher COVID-19-risk perception, greater antenatal COVID-19 anxiety and lower perceived support significantly predicted moderate and severe generalized anxiety. Greater number of weeks of gestation, lower education, semiurban habitat and lower perceived social support were significant predictors of antenatal COVID-19 anxiety. We conclude that the rates of anxiety in pregnant women though not very high, still warrant attention and specific interventions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anxiety among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic in India − A multicentric study

Tikka

Parial²,

Pattojoshi

et al. 2021

Asian Journal of Psychiatry

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“…A study in Turkey found that among the 63 pregnant participants, women with mild anxiety decreased and women with moderate and severe anxiety increased after 2019-nCoV infection (Ayaz et al, 2020). Therefore, the public health emergency brought by the COVID-19 epidemic might have influenced the pregnant women all over the world (e.g., de Arriba-García et al, 2021;Saadati et al, 2021). An international prospective cohort study had just started to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on pregnant women postpartum women over the next 6 month period in 14 countries (using GAD-7 when assessing anxiety symptoms) (Motrico et al, 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of Stress-Related Factors With Anxiety Among Chinese Pregnant Participants in an Online Crisis Intervention During COVID-19 Epidemic

et al. 2021

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Background: Previous systematic review indicated the prevalence of prenatal anxiety as 14–54%. Pregnant women are a high-risk population for COVID-19. However, the prevalence of anxiety symptoms and related factors is unknown in Chinese pregnant women during COVID-19 outbreak.Objective: To investigate the prevalence of anxiety symptoms and the related factors in Chinese pregnant women who were attending crisis intervention during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: The data of this cross-sectional study were collected in about 2 months (February 28 to April 26, 2020). Data analysis was performed from April to May 2020. Participants completed a set of questionnaires via the Wechat Mini-program before starting the online self-help crisis intervention for COVID-19 epidemic. A total of 2,120 Chinese pregnant women who were attending a self-help crisis intervention participated in this study. A survey was developed to address possible stress-related factors in pregnant women during the COVID-19 outbreak, including demographic, socioeconomic, and pregnancy-related factors, as well as COVID-19 related factors. Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale and the 10-item perceived stress scale were, respectively, employed to measure anxiety and stress-related factors.Results: A total of 21.7% (459) of pregnant women reported at least mild anxiety (≥5 on the GAD-7 scale), and only 82 women reported moderate to severe anxiety (≥10 on the GAD-7 scale). Factors associated with at least mild anxiety included living in Hubei province (OR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.32–2.13), nobody providing everyday life support (OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.18–2.77), pelvic pain or vaginal bleeding (OR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.32–2.09), and higher perceived stress (OR = 6.87, 95% CI = 5.42–9.02). Having relatives or neighbors with a diagnosis of COVID-19 was not associated with anxiety (p > 0.05).Conclusions and Relevance: Our findings indicate that evaluation and intervention for maternal and infant health are necessary in pregnant women with anxiety during COVID-19 epidemic, especially those with higher perceived stress, less everyday life support, or vaginal bleeding. Interactions among these related medical, social and psychological factors need to be investigated in future studies.

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“…To date, approximately 20% of pregnant women in China have suffered from anxiety (Ding et al, 2021 ; Jiang et al, 2021 ) and 43.3% of pregnant women in the USA experience moderate-to-severe anxiety (Preis et al, 2020a ). Additionally, in Iran, approximately 21% of pregnant women reported pregnancy-related anxiety (Hamzehgardeshi et al, 2021 ) and the same percentage of women in the third trimester of pregnancy had severe health anxiety (Saadati et al, 2021 ). Anxiety among pregnant women during the global pandemic should be one of the priorities of public health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived Stress, Resilience, and Anxiety Among Pregnant Chinese Women During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Latent Profile Analysis and Mediation Analysis

et al. 2021

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Objective: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has posed a major threat to pregnant women's mental health. This study aimed to characterize the patterns of perceived stress in pregnant Chinese women during the COVID-19 pandemic, to examine the profile differences on anxiety and resilience, and to investigate whether the differences in these profiles on anxiety were mediated by resilience.Methods: From February 28, 2020 to April 26, 2020, a sample of 2,116 pregnant Chinese women who participated in online crisis interventions completed an online self-reporting questionnaire assessing their demographic characteristics, perceived stress, resilience, and anxiety.Results: Latent profile analysis (LPA) on two stress dimensions [perceived helplessness (HEL) and perceived self-efficacy (SEL)] indicated four perceived stress profiles: adaptive (33.7% of the sample), resistant (44.6%), insensitive (19.1%), and sensitive (2.6%). The women with both adaptive and insensitive profiles had the lowest levels of anxiety, whereas those with the resistant profile had the lowest levels of resilience. Multicategorical mediation analysis showed that resilience partially mediated the differences in the pregnant women's anxiety between the adaptive/insensitive and resistant profile.Conclusion: This study showed the heterogeneity in the perceived stress patterns of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic, revealing the internal mechanisms of pregnant women's anxiety using a person-centered approach, and provided initial evidence guiding the development of differentiated stress interventions to alleviate pregnant women's anxiety during the pandemic.

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Health anxiety and related factors among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study from Iran

Cited by 36 publications

References 17 publications

Anxiety among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic in India − A multicentric study

Anxiety among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic in India − A multicentric study

Association of Stress-Related Factors With Anxiety Among Chinese Pregnant Participants in an Online Crisis Intervention During COVID-19 Epidemic

Perceived Stress, Resilience, and Anxiety Among Pregnant Chinese Women During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Latent Profile Analysis and Mediation Analysis

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