Health care expenditures and GDP in Latin American and OECD countries: a comparison using a panel cointegration approach

Rodríguez, Alejandro; Valdes, Mirjana

doi:10.1007/s10754-018-9250-3

Cited by 20 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…This may be due to factors such as investment in health and the ability to manage health resources, as not all LMIC allocate a sufficient proportion of their resources in health or optimally manage their resources [ 37 ]. The World Health Organization proposes that 6% of the gross domestic product be destined for health, but not all LMIC comply with this recommendation, as is the case in Peru [ 37 , 38 ]. Also, social factors such as poverty, low education of the population, and cultural elements likely also influence hypertension awareness, treatment, and control.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-term trends in the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of arterial hypertension in Peru

2020

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The prevalence of hypertension has been declining in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), particularly in Latin America and the Caribbean. However, we have not identified studies that evaluate trends for awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in LMIC. We aimed to describe the trends in the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in Peru. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using secondary data (4 years) of the Demographic and Health Survey of Peru (ENDES, Spanish acronym), which is conducted annually and is representative at the country level. The age-standardized prevalence was estimated using the World Health Organization population as the reference population. The trend over time was evaluated with the score test for trend of odds. A total of 109,401 participants were included. In Peru, from 2015 to 2018, the age-standardized prevalence of hypertension increased (p < 0.001), while the proportion of people with disease awareness (p < 0.001) and controlled hypertension decreased (p = 0.01). During that same period, the proportion of people with treatment for hypertension did not vary over time (p = 0.13). In 2018, the age-standardized prevalence of hypertension was 20.6%, and the proportion of people with disease awareness, treatment, and control of arterial hypertension was 43.5%, 20.6%, 5.3%, respectively. People with low socioeconomic status and people living in rural areas have the lowest proportion of awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-term trends in the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of arterial hypertension in Peru

2020

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“…Research in this field can be classified into two main groups. The first research group analyses the determinants of health expenditure [ 2 – 4 ] or the nature of health (luxury or necessity) by analysing the long-term cointegration relationship of per capita health expenditure and gross domestic product (GDP) [ 5 – 11 ]. The second research group recently highlights a growing interest in convergence analysis of health expenditure by investigating the convergence hypothesis of health expenditure among a panel of countries or among separate regions within a country [ 1 , 12 – 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Convergence in public health expenditure across the Sub-Saharan African countries: does club convergence matter?

Traoré

2021

Health Econ Rev

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Background Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries that currently face enormous healthcare challenges have implemented national health policies focusing on regional or international health commitments. These health commitments generally promote new healthcare financing policies (e.g., health insurance, user fee exemption and results-based financing) with the objective of providing ever-larger population cohorts with human capital and better health in particular. To achieve this, governments must involve themselves more fully in their respective healthcare sectors through the mobilisation of public funding. Objective This paper aims to examine convergence in health expenditure throughout SSA. The findings of club convergence will allow a robust comparison of health indicators between countries and will be suitable for the adjustment of health policies to foster the efficiency of such policies at the regional and/or country level. Such findings could also help with the conception and implementation of health policies at the regional level. Methods We used the methodology of convergence analysis based on dynamic factor modelling leading to the logt regression to test for full convergence, club convergence and club clustering of health expenditure on a balanced panel of 44 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa spanning the period from 2000 to 2016. Results Overall, our results do not support the hypothesis that all SSA countries converge to a single equilibrium state regarding public health expenditure. When testing for club convergence, the results highlight eight convergence clubs and one group of diverging countries. Indeed, performing the club clustering algorithm reveals the existence of three convergence clubs and the diverging group. The three clubs consist of 12, 14 and 14 members, respectively, where convergence is found to occur among different regional economic organisations. Conclusion Our findings indicate that SSA governments should increase spending on healthcare in order to align their healthcare systems with a global convergence model. To foster the convergence to a single equilibrium state in public health expenditure, attention could be paid to strengthening integration within the various regional economic organisations and to the coordination and integration of healthcare policies within and across convergence clubs throughout SSA.

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“…Baltagi and Moscone [ 6 ] analysed the long-term economic connection between health costs and income in 20 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries from 1971 to 2004, and found that health care was a necessity rather than a luxury. Rodríguez and Valdés [ 7 ] explored the long-term causality between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and health care expenditure in Latin America, the Caribbean, and OECD countries from 1995 to 2014, and identified that health care expenditure was a necessity for Latin America and OECD countries. Abdullah et al [ 8 ] analysed the characteristics of health care expenditure in 36 Asian countries from 1995 to 2013, and found that health care expenditure was necessary in these countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonlinear Granger Causality between Health Care Expenditure and Economic Growth in the OECD and Major Developing Countries

Zhang

2018

IJERPH

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Differing from previous studies ignoring the nonlinear features, this study employs both the linear and nonlinear Granger causality tests to examine the complex causal relationship between health care expenditure and economic growth among 15 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and 5 major developing countries. Some interesting findings can be obtained as follows: (1) For Australia, Austria, and UK, linear and nonlinear Granger causality does not exist between them. A unidirectional linear or nonlinear causality running from economic growth to health care expenditure can be found for Ireland, Korea, Portugal, and India. For these seven countries, health or fiscal policy related to health spending will not have an impact on economic growth; (2) For Belgium, Norway, and Mexico, only a unidirectional linear causality runs from health care expenditure to economic growth, while bidirectional linear causality can be found for Canada, Finland, Iceland, New Zealand, Spain, Brazil, and South Africa. Especially for the US, China, and Japan, a unidirectional nonlinear causality exists from health spending to economic growth. To improve the quality of national health, life quality and happiness, these 13 countries should actively look to optimise policy related to health care expenditure, such as by enhancing the efficiency of health costs to promote sustainable economic development.

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Health care expenditures and GDP in Latin American and OECD countries: a comparison using a panel cointegration approach

Cited by 20 publications

References 37 publications

Short-term trends in the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of arterial hypertension in Peru

Short-term trends in the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of arterial hypertension in Peru

Convergence in public health expenditure across the Sub-Saharan African countries: does club convergence matter?

Nonlinear Granger Causality between Health Care Expenditure and Economic Growth in the OECD and Major Developing Countries

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