Health Care Financing Systems and Their Effectiveness: An Empirical Study of OECD Countries

Abstract

Background: The primary aim of the research in the present study was to determine the effectiveness of health care in classifying health care financing systems from a sample of OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries (2012–2017). This objective was achieved through several stages of analysis, which aimed to assess the relations between and relation diversity in selected variables, determining the effectiveness of health care and the health expenditure of health care financing systems. The greatest emphasis was placed on the differences between health care financing systems that were due to the impact of health expenditure on selected health outputs, such as life expectancy at birth, perceived health status, the health care index, deaths from acute myocardial infarction and diabetes mellitus. Methods: Methods such as descriptive analysis, effect analysis (η2), binomial logistic regression analysis, linear regression analysis, continuity analysis (ρ) and correspondence analysis, were used to meet the above objectives. Results: Based on several stages of statistical processing, it was found that there are deviations in several of the relations between different health care funding systems in terms of their predisposition to certain areas of health outcomes. Thus, where one system proves ineffective (or its effectiveness is questionable), another system (or systems) appears to be effective. From a correspondence analysis that compared the funding system and other outputs (converted to quartiles), it was found that a national health system, covering the country as a whole, and multiple insurance funds or companies would be more effective systems. Conclusions: Based on the findings, it was concluded that, in analyzing issues related to health care and its effectiveness, it is appropriate to take into account the funding system (at least to verify the significance of how research premises affect the systems); otherwise, the results may be distorted.

How to Determine the Optimal Number of Cardiologists in a Region?

“…Although this is determined by the interaction of supply and demand, the peculiarities of the market, combined with the fact that there is a deficit of services on the market, which can be confirmed by the presence of queues, suggests that the state, by influencing the supply of services, such as by increasing the number of doctors, directly affects the equilibrium level of consumption. The state determines the interest rate that characterises the level of payments to the mandatory health-insurance funds and participates in the additional financing of the health care system [66]. The increasing role of added funding in the health-care system is partly due to the "stowaway" issue arising from unrestricted access to health-care services regardless of patient contributions.…”

Health Care Expenditures of 179 Countries With Different Gni Per Capita in 2018

“…According to the literature sources, the health care expenditures increase reduces global burden of diseases in the countries [14,15] and provides for their economic growth [12,16]. Health care expenditures result in better health servicing, which can strengthen human capital and improve productivity, thereby contributing to economic performance [17].…”

The Role of Macroeconomic Indicators on Healthcare Cost

“…Governments are therefore making concerted effort to increase public spending for medical care with the primary goal of enhancing population health [2]. Although there is extensive literature tracking trends and factors influencing public health spending in high-income countries, studies focusing on the drivers of health spending in emerging countries remains relatively scarce [3][4][5]. Following the ground-breaking study of Newhouse [6], the determinants of healthcare expenditure have been categorized into economic and non-economic factors [7].…”