Health consequences of androgenic anabolic steroid use

Horwitz, Henrik; Andersen, Jón Trærup; Dalhoff, Kim

doi:10.1111/joim.12850

Cited by 121 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…When administered to healthy individuals, both ACTH and hydrocortisone produce an enlargement of SGs and outbreaks of acne lesions (Strauss & Kligman, ). Indeed, use of anabolic steroids is well recognised as a clinically relevant cause of acne (Horwitz, Andersen & Dalhoff, ). Conversely, adrenalectomy (surgical removal of the adrenal glands) reduces sebum secretion levels, and can also reduce acne severity (Pochi, Strauss & Mescon, ; Stratakis et al ., ).…”

Section: The Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal Axis and Melanocortin Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroendocrinology and neurobiology of sebaceous glands

et al. 2020

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The nervous system communicates with peripheral tissues through nerve fibres and the systemic release of hypothalamic and pituitary neurohormones. Communication between the nervous system and the largest human organ, skin, has traditionally received little attention. In particular, the neuro-regulation of sebaceous glands (SGs), a major skin appendage, is rarely considered. Yet, it is clear that the SG is under stringent pituitary control, and forms a fascinating, clinically relevant peripheral target organ in which to study the neuroendocrine and neural regulation of epithelia. Sebum, the major secretory product of the SG, is composed of a complex mixture of lipids resulting from the holocrine secretion of specialised epithelial cells (sebocytes). It is indicative of a role of the neuroendocrine system in SG function that excess circulating levels of growth hormone, thyroxine or prolactin result in increased sebum production (seborrhoea). Conversely, growth hormone deficiency, hypothyroidism, and adrenal insufficiency result in reduced sebum production and dry skin. Furthermore, the androgen sensitivity of SGs appears to be under neuroendocrine control, as hypophysectomy (removal of the pituitary) renders SGs largely insensitive to stimulation by testosterone, which is crucial for maintaining SG homeostasis. However, several neurohormones, such as adrenocorticotropic hormone and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, can stimulate sebum production independently of either the testes or the adrenal glands, further underscoring the importance of neuroendocrine control in SG biology. Moreover, sebocytes synthesise several neurohormones and express their receptors, suggestive of the presence of neuro-autocrine mechanisms of sebocyte modulation. Aside from the neuroendocrine system, it is conceivable that secretion of neuropeptides and neurotransmitters from cutaneous nerve endings may also act on sebocytes or their progenitors, given that the skin is richly innervated. However, to date, the neural controls of SG development and function remain poorly investigated and incompletely understood. Botulinum toxin-mediated or facial paresis-associated reduction of human sebum secretion suggests that cutaneous nerve-derived substances modulate lipid and inflammatory cytokine synthesis by sebocytes, possibly implicating the nervous system in acne pathogenesis. Additionally, evidence suggests that cutaneous denervation in mice alters the expression of key regulators of SG homeostasis. In this review, we examine the current evidence regarding neuroendocrine and neurobiological regulation of human SG function in physiology and pathology. We further call attention to this line of research as an instructive model for probing and therapeutically manipulating the mechanistic links between the nervous system and mammalian skin.

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Section: The Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal Axis and Melanocortin Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroendocrinology and neurobiology of sebaceous glands

et al. 2020

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“…Also, AAS abuse is associated with mood and anxiety disorders (15). In a retrospective study, men who tested positive for AAS in fitness centers had a higher mortality risk compared to matched controls (16). It is unclear whether this can be causally attributed to anabolic steroids abuse.…”

Section: What Are Side Effects Of Aas and When Should I Suspect Aas Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Anabolic androgenic steroid abuse in young males

Ronde

Smit

2020

Endocrine Connections

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This review summarizes 10 years experience with male abusers of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS). The typical user of AAS is male, aged between 20 and 40 and lifting weights. Illegal AAS are cheap and easily obtained via internet or local suppliers. AAS are mostly used in cycles with a duration between 6 and 18 weeks. Most AAS cycles contain multiple agents, used simultaneously in a dose vastly exceeding a substitution dose. A variety of other performance and image-enhancing drugs are commonly used, including human growth hormone, thyroid hormone, tamoxifen, clomiphene citrate and human chorionic gonadotrophin. Short-term clinical and biochemical side effects are well established. Long-term side effects are uncertain, but may include heart failure, mood-and anxiety disorders, hypogonadism and subfertility. We share our views on the management of common health problems associated with AAS abuse.

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“…In those using AAS, basal blood shows increased hemoglobin [18,46], high hematocrit counts [47], and high in ammatory markers [48], including high white blood cell count [28], high neutrophil count [49], and high Creactive protein (CRP) [50,51]. These side-effects may result in costly treatment, and therefore a negative impact for public health [52].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxandrolone Use Causes Dyslipidemia in Resistance-Training Practitioners

Greboggy¹,

Pereira²,

Oliveira³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Several of young people and adults make use of anabolic-androgenic steroid (ASS), during resistance training. The purposes of this study were to compare blood and salivary parameters in male resistance training practitioners using oxandrolone with reference values, compare these with a control group in triplicate, and correlate salivary and blood parameters. Methods: In this prospective analytical observational study, blood, saliva, and urine were collected from 22 individuals (oxandrolone group, OG, n = 11 and control group, CG, n = 11), and these samples were analyzed at three time points: before oxandrolone consumption, at cessation of oxandrolone use, and three months after cessation of oxandrolone use. Complete blood count, lipid profile, metabolites, and enzymes were analyzed from blood samples. Salivary flow, pH, triglycerides, urea, aspartate transaminase, alanine aminotransferase, phosphorus, and calcium were analyzed from saliva. Urinalysis was used for toxicological screening. Mann-Whitney U tests, chi-square analysis, Friedman's ANOVA, and Spearman’s correlation tests were performed, with significance p<0.05. Results: We found a lower blood HDL level for the oxandrolone group (24 mg/dL) compared with the reference value (>40 mg/dL), as soon as its use ceased, and a return to normal HDL levels three months later (49 mg/dL, >40 mg/dL). We also found higher triglyceride level (177 mg/dL) in this group compared with the reference value (<175 mg/dL), three months after use. Conclusions: Although there were distinct differences between the groups and timepoints, these did not show clinical relevance, as they were within typical values. There was no correlation between blood and salivary parameters, but it is clear that oxandrolone causes changes in the lipid profile of users.

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Health consequences of androgenic anabolic steroid use

Cited by 121 publications

References 21 publications

Neuroendocrinology and neurobiology of sebaceous glands

Neuroendocrinology and neurobiology of sebaceous glands

Anabolic androgenic steroid abuse in young males

Oxandrolone Use Causes Dyslipidemia in Resistance-Training Practitioners

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