“…For instance, Ameriks, Caplin, Laufer, and Van Nieuwerburgh (2011), Ameriks, Briggs, Caplin, Shapiro, and Tonetti (2018), and Lockwood (2012Lockwood ( , 2018 explain observed low annuity demand using structural models that combine a precautionary savings motive (for long-term care expenses when there is public care aversion) with a bequest motive; Reichling and Smetters (2015) do so as well by introducing stochastic mortality and correlated uninsured health care costs. Peijnenburg, Nijman, and Werker (2017) show that medical expenditure risk can rationalize low observed annuitization levels early in retirement, but not why many older people fail to buy annuities. Finally, Laitner, Silverman, and Stolyarov (2018) show analytically how the presence of implicit longevity insurance provided by Medicaid nursing home care can crowd out demand for annuities for the lower and middle classes.…”