Health effects associated with exposure to secondhand smoke: a Burden of Proof study

Abstract

Despite a gradual decline in smoking rates over time, exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) continues to cause harm to nonsmokers, who are disproportionately children and women living in low- and middle-income countries. We comprehensively reviewed the literature published by July 2022 concerning the adverse impacts of SHS exposure on nine health outcomes. Following, we quantified each exposure–response association accounting for various sources of uncertainty and evaluated the strength of the evidence supporting our analyses using the Burden of Proof Risk Function methodology. We found all nine health outcomes to be associated with SHS exposure. We conservatively estimated that SHS increases the risk of ischemic heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes and lung cancer by at least around 8%, 5%, 1% and 1%, respectively, with the evidence supporting these harmful associations rated as weak (two stars). The evidence supporting the harmful associations between SHS and otitis media, asthma, lower respiratory infections, breast cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was weaker (one star). Despite the weak underlying evidence for these associations, our results reinforce the harmful effects of SHS on health and the need to prioritize advancing efforts to reduce active and passive smoking through a combination of public health policies and education initiatives.

Effect of Animated Video Media on Smoking Behavior Students in Junior High School Muhammadiyah 1 Purbolinggo Kabupaten Lampung Timur

“…Berdasarkan hasil penelitian setelah diberikan intervensi menggunakan media video animasi dan kuesioner, hasil penelitian menunjukan adanya perubahan perilaku Kesehatan (Dai et al, 2022); (Flor et al, 2024); (Afolalu et al, 2021); (West, 2017), hal tersebut di tunjukan dengan perbedaan rata-rata jumlah batang rokok yang dihisap siswa sebelum di intervensi dan sesudah di intervensi, selisih rata-rata perbedaan tersebut menunjukan hasil penurunan jumlah batang rokok yang dihisap oleh siswa di SMP Muhammadiyah 1 Purbolinggo. Media video animasi dapat dijadikan sebagai salah satu media yang cukup efektif dalan memberikan edukasi promosi kesehatan tentang bahaya merokok, khususnya kepada siswa SMP Muhammadiyah 1 Purbolinggo Lampung Timur.…”

Association between secondhand smoke exposure and rheumatoid arthritis in US never-smoking adults: a cross-sectional study from NHANES

“…Reports indicate that approximately 1.3 million (with a range of 1.0–1.6 million) deaths worldwide were attributed to SHS in 2019 alone 8 . It is alarming that an estimated 37% of the global population is exposed to smoke from burning tobacco products or exhaled by smokers 9 . In the United States, statistics from 2015 to 2018 reveal that around 20.8% of nonsmoking adults aged 18 and older were exposed to SHS 10 .…”

“…In the United States, statistics from 2015 to 2018 reveal that around 20.8% of nonsmoking adults aged 18 and older were exposed to SHS 10 . Although the adverse health effects of exposure to SHS are well-documented, including established links to elevated risks of various diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, type 2 diabetes, and even osteoporosis 9 , 11 – 14 , there is currently limited information available regarding its connection to the onset of RA. Acknowledged widely as a reliable and sensitive marker for recent tobacco smoke exposure, cotinine, a significant proximal metabolite of nicotine, precisely mirrors an individual's level of exposure within the preceding 72 h. It is now identified as a distinct chemical marker for assessing tobacco smoke exposure levels 15 , 16 , 17 .…”

Global, regional, and national burden of ischemic heart disease attributable to secondhand smoke from 1990 to 2019

“…In recent years, with deepening awareness of the harms of smoking, public attention to the connection between active smoking and cardiovascular diseases has increased 3 . However, the harm caused by secondhand smoke (SHS), compared to direct smoking, is often underestimated 3 .…”

“…In recent years, with deepening awareness of the harms of smoking, public attention to the connection between active smoking and cardiovascular diseases has increased 3 . However, the harm caused by secondhand smoke (SHS), compared to direct smoking, is often underestimated 3 . SHS, the smoke inhaled by non-smokers from the burning of tobacco products, includes smoke exhaled by smokers and smoke directly released into the air from burning tobacco products 4 .…”