Health effects of air pollution: what we need to know and to do in the next decade

Zhang, Junfeng Jim; Adcock, Ian M.; Zhang, Bai; Chung, Kian Fan; Duan, Xiaoli; Zheng, Fang; Gong, Jicheng; Li, Feng; Miller, Richard K.; Qiu, Xinghua; Rich, David Q.; Wang, Bin; Wei, Yongjie; Xu, Dongqun; Xue, Tao; Zhang, Yinping; Zheng, Mei; Zhu, Tong

doi:10.21037/jtd.2019.03.65

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Although the older population's share of economic costs was 77% using an ageinvariant VSL, it ranged between 59% and 61% using the other three measures. Details on the influence of different valuation measures on the age specific health cost and its distribution with PM 2•5 pollution are in the appendix (pp [23][24][25][26].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 Increasing evidence supports that air pollution exposure is associated to other health effects such as preterm birth, type 2 diabetes, and neurocognitive disorders. 24,25 These adverse effects can contribute to additional attributable mortality and health costs, which should be considered in future evaluations of air pollution impact. In addition to ambient PM 2•5 , the health costs of many other risk factors are underexplored.…”

Section: Implications Of All the Available Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

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Population ageing and deaths attributable to ambient PM2·5 pollution: a global analysis of economic cost

Yin

Bräuer

Zhang

et al. 2021

The Lancet Planetary Health

100

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Background The health impacts of ambient air pollution impose large costs on society. Although all people are exposed to air pollution, the older population (ie, those aged ≥60 years) tends to be disproportionally affected. As a result, there is growing concern about the health impacts of air pollution as many countries undergo rapid population ageing. We investigated the spatial and temporal variation in the economic cost of deaths attributable to ambient air pollution and its interaction with population ageing from 2000 to 2016 at global and regional levels. MethodsIn this global analysis, we developed an age-adjusted measure of the value of a statistical life-year (VSLY) to estimate the economic cost of deaths attributable to ambient PM 2•5 pollution using Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 data and country-level socioeconomic information. First, we estimated the global age-specific and cause-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) attributable to PM 2•5 pollution using the global exposure mortality model and global estimates of exposure at 0•1° × 0•1° (about 11 km × 11 km at the equator) resolution. Second, for each year between 2000 and 2016, we translated the YLLs within each age group into a healthrelated cost using a country-specific, age-adjusted measure of VSLY. Third, we decomposed the major driving factors that contributed to the temporal change in health costs related to PM 2•5 . Finally, we did a sensitivity test to analyse the variability of the estimated health costs to four alternative valuation measures. We identified the uncertainty intervals (UIs) from 1000 draws of the parameters and concentration-response functions by age, cause, country, and year. All economic values are reported in 2011 purchasing power parity-adjusted US dollars. All simulations were done with R, version 3.6.0. Findings Globally, in 2016, PM 2•5 was estimated to have caused 8•42 million (95% UI 6•50-10•52) attributable deaths, which was associated with 163•68 million (116•03-219•44) YLLs. In 2016, the global economic cost of deaths attributable to ambient PM 2•5 pollution for the older population was US$2•40 trillion (1•89-2•93) accounting for 59% (59-60) of the cost for the total population ($4•09 trillion [3•19-5•05]). The economic cost per capita for the older population was $2739 (2160-3345) in 2016, which was 10 times that of the younger population (ie, those aged <60 years). By assessing the factors that contributed to economic costs, we found that increases in these factors changed the total economic cost by 77% for gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, 21% for population ageing, 16% for population growth, -41% for age-specific mortality, and -0•4% for PM 2•5 exposure.Interpretation The economic cost of ambient PM 2•5 borne by the older population almost doubled between 2000 and 2016, driven primarily by GDP growth, population ageing, and population growth. Compared with younger people, air pollution leads to disproportionately higher health costs among older people, even a...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Implications Of All the Available Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Population ageing and deaths attributable to ambient PM2·5 pollution: a global analysis of economic cost

Yin

Bräuer

Zhang

et al. 2021

The Lancet Planetary Health

100

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Current Applied Science and Technology Vol. 22 No. 5 (September-October 2022) _______________________________________________________________________ 4…”

Section: Study Locationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Air quality monitoring is crucial in assessing the extent of population exposure to air pollutants. Exposure and resulting public health effects appear to vary and depend mainly on the type of pollutant, its severity, period and frequency of exposure, and pollutant toxicity [7,[22][23][24][25]. However, the air quality index (AQI) has increasingly become an indicator tool widely used for assessing and indexing the state of an air environment over a place or a region [26,27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air Quality in Nigerian Urban Environments: A Comprehensive Assessment of Gaseous Pollutants and Particle Concentrations

Ezeonyejiaku

Okoye

Ezeonyejiaku³

et al. 2021

Curr. Appl. Sci. Technol.

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The rise in gaseous pollutants and particulate concentrations is a serious problem for the environment. This study examined the air quality within four urban areas (Awka, Ekwulobia, Nnewi, and Onitsha) in Anambra State, Nigeria. The concentrations of known air pollutants including suspended particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), methane (CH4), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ammonia (NH3), ozone (O3), carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) were assessed at various locations within the study areas using Aeroqual air quality monitoring devices, and the results were compared with the WHO air quality guidelines for health impact assessment. The air quality index (AQI) was interpolated from the pollutant concentrations in order to show hazard categories of air quality conditions over the study locations. The mean concentrations of SO2, CH4, and VOCs within the residential locations of Awka, Ekwulobia, and Nnewi were in the range of 200-8000 µg m-3 and exceeded WHO limits for air quality. While the levels of CO2, SO2, and CH4 (3.25-1,027,000 µg m-3) within the commercial locations of Awka, Ekwulobia, and Nnewi exceeded WHO limits, only VOCs (500-1100 µg m-3) within Awka and Ekwulobia exceeded the limits. The 62-181 µg m-3 and 40-295 µg m-3 ranges of PM2.5 and PM10, respectively within the Nnewi and Ekwulobia commercial locations were the only particle concentrations at which the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended limits for health aspects of air pollution were exceeded. The AQI calculations showed air quality within some of the locations may have potential risks for public health.

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“…Ambient air pollution is a global environmental problem [1,2] that has serious negative impacts on climate change, visibility, and human health [3][4][5]. For example, about 4.2 million people worldwide died of heart disease, stroke, lung disease, and chronic respiratory disease caused by air pollution in 2017 [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal Variation in Air Pollution Characteristics and Influencing Factors in Ulaanbaatar from 2016 to 2019

et al. 2022

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Ambient air pollution is a global environmental issue that affects human health. Ulaanbaatar (UB), the capital of Mongolia, is one of the most polluted cities in the world, and it is of great importance to study the temporal and spatial changes in air pollution in this city, along with their influencing factors. To understand the characteristics of atmospheric pollutants in UB, the contents of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, CO, and O3, as well as their influencing factors, were analyzed from data obtained from automatic air quality monitoring stations. These analyses yielded six major findings: (1) From 2016 to 2019, there was a total of 883 pollution days, and PM2.5 and PM10 were the primary pollutants on 553 and 351 of these days, respectively. The air pollution was dominated by PM10 in spring and summer, affected by both PM2.5 and PM10 in autumn, and dominated by PM2.5 in winter. (2) Compared with 2016, the number of days with good air quality in UB in 2019 increased by 45%, and the number of days with unhealthy or worse levels of pollution decreased by 56%, indicating that the air quality improved year by year. (3) From 2016 to 2019, the annual average PM2.5/PM10 ratio dropped from 0.55 to 0.45, and the proportion of PM2.5 in particulate matter decreased year by year. The PM concentration and PM2.5/PM10 ratio were highest in winter and lowest in summer. When comparing the four-season averages, the average PM2.5 concentration decreased by 89% from its highest level, and the PM10 concentration decreased by 67%, indicating stronger seasonal differences in PM2.5 than in PM10. (4) The hourly changes in PM concentration showed a bimodal pattern, exhibiting a decrease during the day and a slight increase in the afternoon due to temperature inversion, so the PM2.5/PM10 ratio increased at night in all four seasons. The PM concentration during the heating season was significantly higher than that in the non-heating season, indicating that coal-fired heating was the main cause of air pollution in UB. (5) Sand dust and soot were the two main types of pollution in UB. (6) Correlation analysis and linear fitting analysis showed that PM2.5 and PM10 caused by coal-firing had an important impact on air quality in UB. Coal combustion and vehicle emissions with SO2, NO2, and CO as factors made large contributions to PM2.5

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Health effects of air pollution: what we need to know and to do in the next decade

Cited by 16 publications

References 14 publications

Population ageing and deaths attributable to ambient PM2·5 pollution: a global analysis of economic cost

Population ageing and deaths attributable to ambient PM2·5 pollution: a global analysis of economic cost

Air Quality in Nigerian Urban Environments: A Comprehensive Assessment of Gaseous Pollutants and Particle Concentrations

Spatiotemporal Variation in Air Pollution Characteristics and Influencing Factors in Ulaanbaatar from 2016 to 2019

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