Health effects of drinking water disinfectants and disinfectant by-products

Bull, Richard J.

doi:10.1021/es00104a001

Cited by 35 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 14 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…• Carcinogenicidade -Existem evidências suficientes indicando que o CF é carcinogênico para ratos e camundongos 5,10,26,28,29,31,33,37,46,47,48 sem contudo haver qualquer indicação para o homem. Todavia, pode-se considerar que apresente risco para exposições humanas 33,37 .…”

Section: Espectro Dos Efeitos Tóxicosunclassified

“…Os dados epidemiológicos sugerem, mas não provam, que esses subprodutos possam aumentar a incidência de certos tipos de câncer na população humana 5,7,8,29,49 . No momento, aceita-se a teoria de que existe uma alta probabilidade da relação entre câncer de bexiga, cólon e reto e a exposição a esses compostos presentes na água 21,35,46,48 .…”

Section: Conclusõesunclassified

“…Processos alternativos de desinfecção da água, que evitam a formação dos TAM, são aqueles que não utilizam cloro livre, tais como: cloraminas (cloro combinado), dióxido de cloro, ozonização e radiação ultravioleta 14,23,25,40,45 . Entretanto, estes podem levar a formação de outros subprodutos, conforme o teor de matéria orgânica presente na água, sendo que seus efeitos sobre a saúde humana ainda não foram completamente avaliados 6,46,47 .…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…No início da década de 70, descobriu-se que o clorofórmio e outros TAM eram produzidos durante a cloração da água 3,6,39 . Esta informação revestiu-se de grande importância em virtude da conclusão de um bioensaio sobre a carcinogenicidade do clorofórmio realizado pelo "National Cancer Institute" 39 .…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…Desde a descoberta inicial dos TAM, muita coleta de dados tem sido realizada. Estudos epidemioló-gicos, particularmente nos Estados Unidos, têm sido feitos para avaliar a presença dessas substâncias orgânicas na água e sua correlação com o câncer 5,7,8,29,49 . Todavia, ainda é relativamente pouco conhecido o real efeito para a saúde humana causado por esses compostos presentes em baixas concentrações (ppb e ppt) na água de consumo humano.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

See 4 more Smart Citations

Exposição humana a trialometanos presentes em água tratada

Tominaga¹,

Mı́dio

1999

Rev. Saúde Pública

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Section: Espectro Dos Efeitos Tóxicosunclassified

Section: Conclusõesunclassified

Section: Introductionunclassified

See 3 more Smart Citations

Exposição humana a trialometanos presentes em água tratada

Tominaga¹,

Mı́dio

1999

Rev. Saúde Pública

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Die Desinfektion von Trinkwasser — ein kritischer Überblick

Stachel¹,

Gabel²,

Lahl³

et al. 1984

Acta hydrochim. hydrobiol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Acta hydrochim. et hydrobiol. 12 (1984) 5,499-519 B. STACHEL, B. GABEL, U. LAHL und B. ZESCHMAR Bremer Umweltinstitut fur die Analyse und Bewertung von Schadstoffen, Bremen Die Desinfektion von Trinkwasserein kritischer f'berblick Sii?nntary: In the chlorination of drinking wat>er about 90 of chlorine show an oxidizing effect, 10 O o result, in halogenated reaction products, ca. 1 O/'O of them consist,ing of trihalomethanes.When chlorine dioxide is applied, in most the trihalomethanes remain below t,he detection limit, but increasingly polar organic reaction products originate, on the other hand. Chloramine is rarely applied, mostly for securing transport with storage reservoir waters. Only little information about reaction products is available. By the application of ozone one obt,ains a wide spectruni of reaction products, the aldehyde contents can be influenced by activated carbon. Especially critical is the formation of persisbent epoxides, above all from pesticides. Due to antimon burners, the ultraviolet irradiation is gaining in interest, and in many cases its biocidal effect is superior to that produced by chlorination and ozonization, except for the problem of re-germination in t,he water supply network. The costs of ultmviolet, irradiation, however, are much higher than those of the other techniques, of which chlorina,tion causes only about one quarter of the costs of the other chemical disinfection t,echniques.

show abstract

Chance Constrained Optimization of Booster Chlorination in Water Distribution Networks

Köker

Altan-Sakarya

2014

CLEAN Soil Air Water

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Quality of municipal water is sustained by addition of disinfectant, generally chlorine, to the water distribution network. Because of health problems, chlorine concentration in the network is limited between maximum and minimum limits. Carcinogenic disinfectant by-products start to occur at high concentrations so it is desired to have minimum amount of chlorine without violating the limit. In addition to the health issues, minimum injection amount is favorable concerning cost. Hence, an optimization problem which covers all of these considerations should be modeled. However, there are uncertain factors as chlorine is reactive and decays both over time and space. Thus, probabilistic approach is necessary to obtain reliable and realistic results from the model. In this study, a linear programming model is developed for the chance constrained optimization of the water distribution network. The objective is to obtain minimum amount of injection mass subjected to maintaining more uniformly distributed chlorine concentrations within the limits, while considering the randomness of chlorine concentration by probability distributions. Network hydraulics and chlorine concentration are computed by the network simulation software, EPANET.

show abstract

Health effects of drinking water disinfectants and disinfectant by-products

Cited by 35 publications

References 14 publications

Exposição humana a trialometanos presentes em água tratada

Exposição humana a trialometanos presentes em água tratada

Die Desinfektion von Trinkwasser — ein kritischer Überblick

Chance Constrained Optimization of Booster Chlorination in Water Distribution Networks

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About