Health inequalities in urban areas: a guide to the literature

Todd, Alison

doi:10.1177/095624789600800220

Cited by 18 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Aggregate urban statistics may mask glaring health inequalities under the appearance of an “urban health advantage.”13,15,16 Breaking down urban health data often reveals many intra urban health differences. Four recent South African studies have found that the HIV prevalence of those living in urban informal areas is double that of formal urban settlements 17.…”

Section: The First Challenge: a Billion Silent Voicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Prevention and Control of HIV/AIDS, TB and Vector-borne Diseases in Informal Settlements: Challenges, Opportunities and Insights

David

Mercado²,

Becker³

et al. 2007

J Urban Health

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Today_s urban settings are redefining the field of public health. The complex dynamics of cities, with their concentration of the poorest and most vulnerable (even within the developed world) pose an urgent challenge to the health community. While retaining fidelity to the core principles of disease prevention and control, major adjustments are needed in the systems and approaches to effectively reach those with the greatest health risks (and the least resilience) within today_s urban environment. This is particularly relevant to infectious disease prevention and control. Controlling and preventing HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and vector-borne diseases like malaria are among the key global health priorities, particularly in poor urban settings. The challenge in slums and informal settlements is not in identifying which interventions work, but rather in ensuring that informal settlers: (1) are captured in health statistics that define disease epidemiology and (2) are provided opportunities equal to the rest of the population to access proven interventions. Growing international attention to the plight of slum dwellers and informal settlers, embodied by Goal 7 Target 11 of the Millennium Development Goals, and the considerable resources being mobilized by the Global Fund to fight AIDS, TB and malaria, among others, provide an unprecedented potential opportunity for countries to seriously address the structural and intermediate determinants of poor health in these settings. Viewed within the framework of the Bsocial determinants of disease^model, preventing and controlling HIV/AIDS, TB and vectorborne diseases requires broad and integrated interventions that address the underlying causes of inequity that result in poorer health and worse health outcomes for the urban poor. We examine insights into effective approaches to disease control and prevention within poor urban settings under a comprehensive social development agenda.

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Section: The First Challenge: a Billion Silent Voicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Prevention and Control of HIV/AIDS, TB and Vector-borne Diseases in Informal Settlements: Challenges, Opportunities and Insights

David

Mercado²,

Becker³

et al. 2007

J Urban Health

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“…There is strong association between poverty and infant and child mortality (Cleland et al 1992;Fotso 2006;McMichael 2000;Victora et al 2003;Todd 1996;Wagstaff 2000;Hong 2006). Poverty determines, to a great extent, the geographical location of the infant or the child.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Wealth and Mother’s Education in Infant and Child Mortality in 26 Sub-Saharan African Countries: Evidence from Pooled Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) Data 2003–2011 and African Development Indicators (ADI), 2012

2016

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This study examined the regional differences in the role of wealth and mothers' educational attainment in explaining infant and child mortality in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Specifically, this study investigates the role of wealth and mothers' educational attainment in urban-rural and regional differences of SSA. We use data from Demographic and Health Surveys and the World Bank African Development Indicators to document these regional differences in infant and child mortality rates in SSA. Our findings show small variability in the risk of infant and child mortality attributable to regional differences in SSA. There is a statistically negative significant difference in infant and child mortality with urban dwellers compared to rural dwellers in SSA. Also, we found the risk of infant and child mortality to be correlated with per capita gross domestic product equal to or greater than five hundred US dollars ($500). Our findings show mother's education to be negatively correlated with infant and child mortality in SSA. These findings give credence to previous studies which highlighted the significance of wealth, education of the mother, and location in explaining infant and child mortality differences in SSA. Our study finds no evidence of a statistically significant difference in the risk of infant and child mortality between the urban poorest and poorer wealth quintile households and their rural counterparts in SSA.

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“…The greater part of research on urban health inequalities has focused on comparing the urban poor with their wealthier counterparts. While it has been observed that health inequalities exist even between and within poor communities, few studies have been conducted in this area (Todd 1996). This type of study is of particular relevance in Johannesburg, where poverty is multifaceted.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, while cities are uniquely situated to provide services and opportunities to enhance the quality of life of their residents, in reality large sections of urban populations typically remain characterised by poor physical environments, with substandard and overcrowded housing, inadequate water supply, sanitation and waste disposal, food insecurity and poor access to transport infrastructure (WHO 2010). Insecure livelihoods and stressful social environments can also contribute to worse health outcomes for the urban poor (Todd 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poor housing, good health: a comparison of formal and informal housing in Johannesburg, South Africa

Wet

Plagerson

Harpham

et al. 2011

Int J Public Health

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Health inequalities in urban areas: a guide to the literature

Cited by 18 publications

References 24 publications

The Prevention and Control of HIV/AIDS, TB and Vector-borne Diseases in Informal Settlements: Challenges, Opportunities and Insights

The Prevention and Control of HIV/AIDS, TB and Vector-borne Diseases in Informal Settlements: Challenges, Opportunities and Insights

The Role of Wealth and Mother’s Education in Infant and Child Mortality in 26 Sub-Saharan African Countries: Evidence from Pooled Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) Data 2003–2011 and African Development Indicators (ADI), 2012

Poor housing, good health: a comparison of formal and informal housing in Johannesburg, South Africa

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