Health insurance ownership among female workers in Indonesia: does socioeconomic status matter?

Abstract

Background Female workers are vulnerable groups in the Indonesian context, and female workers must be responsible for domestic problems and earn a living. The study aimed to analyze the role of socioeconomic on health insurance ownership among female workers in Indonesia. Methods The study population was all female workers in Indonesia. This cross-sectional study involved 7,943 respondents. The study analyzed health insurance ownership as an outcome variable and socioeconomic status as an exposure variable. The study also involved five control variables: residence, age, marital, education, and occupation. The research used multinomial logistic regression in the final step. Results The results show the poorest female workers have a possibility of 0.735 times more than the richest to have NHI (AOR 0.733; 95% CI 0.733–0.737). The poorer female workers have 0.939 times less likely than the richest to have NHI (AOR 0.939; 95% CI 0.937–0.942). Female workers with middle socioeconomic status are possibly 0.833 times less than the richest to have NHI (AOR 0.833; 95% 0.831–0.835). Moreover, the richer female workers have 1.028 times more likely than the richest to have NHI (AOR 1.028; 95% CI 1.025–1.030). Moreover, all socioeconomic statuses have a lower possibility than the richest of having other health insurance. Conclusions The study concluded that socioeconomic has a role in health insurance ownership among female workers in Indonesia.

Prediction of pregnancy disorders in female workers in the industrial sector

“…Health insurance is provided by certain sectors to female workers, guaranteeing their ability to obtain safe, high-quality, and reasonably priced healthcare services. Maternity protection: Industries are urged to offer maternity protection and assistance to female employees, encompassing provisions for pregnancy and childbirth, together with measures safeguarding against employment termination resulting from pregnancy [ 28 ]. Health and well-being training programs.…”

Role of Socioeconomic Status in National Health Insurance Ownership in Indonesia’s Rural Areas

“… 9 , 22 This finding, however, underscores the importance of paying attention to the population who live with financial hardship, as they are most likely to have difficulties accessing quality health services. 23 , 24 …”

“…9,22 This finding, however, underscores the importance of paying attention to the population who live with financial hardship, as they are most likely to have difficulties accessing quality health services. 23,24 Previously, the government had released the contribution assistance recipients (CAR) policy in the NHI to overcome the barrier to access health financing for people experiencing poverty. 25 The Indonesian National Social Security Council reports that the national NHI membership is 86.96%, the non-contribution assistance recipient (NAR) is 40.4%, and the CAR is 59.6% based on the integrated monitoring and evaluation system.…”

Regional differences in primary healthcare utilization in Java Region—Indonesia

“…Low household and socio-economic status encourage direct health services [ 31 ]. Moreover, wealth status is also related to health insurance ownership, and wealthier people tend to have health insurance [ 37 , 38 ].…”

“…To overcome this situation, the government has made several efforts. Among them encourage the expansion of NHI membership by regulating in more detail assistance or premium subsidies for NHI membership for the poor and requiring employers to bear the NHI membership premium for their workers [ 37 , 44 ]. On the other hand, the government is also expanding the Puskesmas network by establishing Pondok Kesehatan Desa (Ponkesdes) or Village Health Cottages for each village [ 45 ].…”