Health of Immigrant Children: The Role of Immigrant Generation, Exogamous Family Setting, and Family Material and Social Resources

Abstract

Although the children of first-generation immigrants tend to have better health than the native population, the health advantage of the children of immigrant families deteriorates over generations. It is, however, poorly understood where on the generational health assimilation spectrum children with one immigrant and one native parent (i.e., exogamous families) lie, to what extent family resources explain health assimilation, and whether the process of assimilation varies across health conditions. We seek to extend our understanding of the process of health assimilation by analyzing the physical and mental health of immigrant generations, assessing the role of exogamous family arrangements, and testing the contributions of family material and social resources to children's outcomes. We use register-based longitudinal data on all children residing in Finland, born in 1986–2000, and alive in 2000; these data are free of reporting bias and loss to follow-up. We estimate the risk of receiving inpatient and outpatient care for somatic conditions, psychopathological disorders, and injuries by immigrant generation status. Our results show evidence of a negative health assimilation process, with both first- and second-generation immigrant children having a higher prevalence of physical problems and particularly mental health problems than native children that is only partially explained by family resources. We find that the children of exogamous families are at especially high risk of developing psychopathological disorders. These results provide strong support for the hypothesis that children of exogamous families constitute a specific health risk group and that the impact on children's health of family social and material resources seems to be secondary to other unobserved factors.

Assessing Quality of Life in First- and Second-Generation Immigrant Children and Adolescents; Highlights from the DIATROFI Food Aid and Healthy Nutrition Promotion Program

“…On the other side, in the case of pediatric populations, the hypothesis of the "healthy immigrant effect" is mainly rejected. It has been shown that immigrant child health depends on contextual factors [4,27] and may actually be poorer than native children, an effect exacerbated by strict immigration policies [2][3][4][5]13]. The current study concludes that immigrant children and adolescents display poor HRQoL compared to the native group, further disproving the "healthy immigrant effect" in younger ages and instead identifying a marked health deficit.…”

Developmental disorders among Norwegian-born children with immigrant parents

“…Evidence is inconclusive about the relationship between receiving an ADHD diagnosis and immigrant background [ 10 ], but in Sweden receiving an ADHD diagnosis is associated with social disadvantage [ 12 ], and in Finland with having immigrant parents [ 13 ]. Children with one or two immigrant parents have also been reported to have a higher risk of developmental disorders related to speech and language, academic skills, or coordination [ 14 , 15 ]. Differences by immigration background in diagnoses of developmental disorders could reflect both differences in prevalence, due to exposure to various environmental risk factors or genetics, or due to differences in use of health services and in being diagnosed timely and correctly [ 10 ].…”