“…Other studies showed that natural resource dependence leads to more conflict, lower levels of democracy, more corruption, and lower institutional quality, thus leading to slower growth and development in these countries (Acemoglu et al, 2005; Andersen & Ross, 2014; Asiamah et al, 2022; Lessmann & Steinkraus, 2019; Papyrakis, 2017; Van der Ploeg & Poelhekke, 2017). Although some studies have investigated the impact of resource dependence on various measures of welfare in Africa, such as education, health, GDP per capita, income inequality and happiness (Oduyemi et al, 2021; Sebri & Dachraoui, 2021; Tadadjeu et al, 2020), not much is done on the Human Development Index (HDI) as an aggregate measure of welfare. Reference is made to Sinha and Sengupta (2019) and Noumba et al (2022) in recent years who investigated the effect of natural resource dependence on HDI and found a detrimental effect on welfare.…”