Health risk assessment by consumption of vegetables irrigated with reclaimed waste water: A case study in Thika (Kenya)

Njuguna, Samwel Maina; Makokha, Victorine Anyango; Xue, Ying; Gituru, Robert Wahiti; Wang, Qingfeng; Wang, Jun

doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.088

Cited by 61 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Human health also can be affected by the groundwater contamination through effects on the food production system. Irrigation with groundwater contaminated by heavy metals and wastewater containing persistent contaminants can result in the accumulation of toxic elements in cereals and vegetables, causing health risks to humans (Jenifer and Jha 2018 ; Yuan et al 2019 ; Njuguna et al 2019 ).…”

Section: Consequences Of Groundwater Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sources and Consequences of Groundwater Contamination

Karunanidhi²,

Subramani

et al. 2021

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

407

104

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Section: Consequences Of Groundwater Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sources and Consequences of Groundwater Contamination

Karunanidhi²,

Subramani

et al. 2021

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

407

104

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“…The declining resources of freshwater and growing global population (i.e. about 9.2 billion by 2050) are posing considerable challenges for researching about the sustainable alternative options 4 , 5 . Due to climate change and water scarcities the farmers are now practicing wastewater irrigation in numerous countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical risk analysis of metals toxicity in wastewater irrigated soil and crops: a study of a semi-arid developing region

Mahfooz

Yasar

Liu

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Toxic elemental exposure through consumption of contaminated crops is becoming a serious concern for human health. Present study is based on the environment and health risk assessment of wastewater irrigated soil and crops in a semi-arid region Faisalabad, Pakistan. The concentrations of potentially toxic elements (Cu, Cr, Mn, Fe, Pb, Zn, Ni) were analysed by atomic absorption spectrometer in five different crops (Corn, rice, wheat, sugarcane and millet), while, their topsoil’s and multi targeted risks analysis were assessed. Results showed, the mean values of Pb and Zn were higher in crop than Food and Agriculture Organization guidelines for food additives and contaminants. A strong positive correlation was found among wastewater and crop’s toxic metals (r 2 values in Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni and Cr were 0.913, 0.804, 0.752, 0.694, 0.587 respectively). Whereas, a strong correlation was also found among soil and wastewater lead (r 2 = 0.639). The calculations of Nemerow Integrated Pollution Index (NIPI) showed the soil samples maximum pollution limit (NIPI > 3) and Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI) was found to be higher than maximum limit (PERI > 600) for all samples. While, for non-carcinogenic risk, Hazard Index (HI) values in adult were near threshold (HI > 1) for all crop samples. In children, the HI values for Corn, Rice and Wheat were above threshold limit and for Sugarcane and Millet, these were near to threshold. Cancer risk values for Cr found higher than safe limit (1 × 10 –6 ) in adult and children for crop samples. Crop irrigation by wastewater irrigation is a prominent alternative option for water scarce countries, however prior testing and treatment of such wastewater streams must be employed to minimize the adverse impacts on human health and environment.

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“…Lake Olbolosat was the only sampling site with detectable Pb and also recorded the highest concentration of Zn. Lead is naturally found in soil in low quantities and may emanate from natural weathering of rocks [10,32], while Zn is relatively mobile and may permeate through soil and end up in river water [38]. Only boron was in cluster B and may have been from anthropogenic sources.…”

Section: Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (Hca)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological and health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in Ewaso Nyiro River surface water, Kenya

et al. 2021

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Ewaso Nyiro basin covers an area of about 210,226 km2, 36.3%, of Kenya drainage area and bears 5.8% of Kenya water potential with an annual yield of 1469 million m3. The river is the principal source of domestic and irrigation water to the arid north of Kenya. To determine metal and nutrient concentration of Ewaso Nyiro River surface water, a total of 30 water samples, 15 samples each for dry (February) and wet (August) seasons of 2019, were collected. Chromium, lead, iron, manganese, cobalt, cadmium, mercury, selenium, molybdenum, boron, copper, zinc, arsenic, nickel, aluminum, total phosphorus and nitrate were analyzed in the two seasons. Ecological risk assessment was determined by calculating contamination factor, pollution load index and ecological risk index. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to infer pollutants association and identify their potential sources. Cadmium, arsenic, lead, molybdenum, mercury, selenium and nickel were not detected in both seasons, while manganese, iron and aluminum were the main pollutants identified. Ewaso Nyiro irrigation water had a manganese contamination factor of 9.17, implying it was very contaminated. Twenty-seven and 40% of sampled sites in dry and wet seasons, respectively, had more than 0.3 mg/L of iron that is recommended by USEPA in drinking water. Herbicides, leached fertilizer and fuel leaking into the river water were the primary sources of anthropogenic pollution.

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Health risk assessment by consumption of vegetables irrigated with reclaimed waste water: A case study in Thika (Kenya)

Cited by 61 publications

References 35 publications

Sources and Consequences of Groundwater Contamination

Sources and Consequences of Groundwater Contamination

Critical risk analysis of metals toxicity in wastewater irrigated soil and crops: a study of a semi-arid developing region

Ecological and health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in Ewaso Nyiro River surface water, Kenya

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