“…Increased fertilizer application can lead to another set of health risks, although their severity likely depends on local soil conditions and nutrient retention (Neill et al, 2017;Palm et al, 2017). Along with increased eutrophication potential (Smith, Tilman, & Nekola, 1999), surface water or groundwater sources contaminated with agricultural runoff or leachate can exhibit elevated nitrate and nitrite concentrations (Matson et al, 1997;Tilman, 1999), which are connected with methemoglobinemia (blue baby syndrome; Fewtrell, 2004;Sadler et al, 2016). Possible connections with birth defects and various cancers have also been reported (Brender et al, 2013;Sadler et al, 2016;Ward et al, 2005), although these links remain uncertain and have not been incorporated into international drinking water guidelines (World Health Organization, 2011).…”