Health risk assessment of exposure to ambient concentrations of benzene, toluene and xylene in Pretoria West, South Africa

Morakinyo, Oyewale Mayowa; Mokgobu, Matlou Ingrid; Mukhola, Murembiwa Stanley; Engelbrecht, Jacobus Christoffel

doi:10.1080/20421338.2017.1352123

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Meteorological parameters such as wind speed, wind direction, temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, and solar radiation are also monitored. The detailed information on the study area has been reported in our earlier published works [18][19][20][21].…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Ambient Gaseous Pollutants in an Urban Area in South Africa: Levels and Potential Human Health Risk

2020

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Urban air pollution from gaseous pollutants is a growing public health problem in many countries including South Africa. Examining the levels, trends and health risk of exposure to ambient gaseous pollutants will assist in understanding the effectiveness of existing control measures and plan for suitable management strategies. This study determined the concentration levels and non-cancer risk of CO, SO2, NO2, and O3 at an industrial area in Pretoria West, South Africa. We utilised a set of secondary data for CO, NO2, SO2, and O3 that was obtained from a monitoring station. Analysis of the hourly monitored data was done. Their non-cancer risk (HQ) was determined using the human health risk assessment model for different age categories. The annual levels of NO2 (39.442 µg/m3), SO2 (22.464 µg/m3), CO (722.003 µg/m3) and the 8-hour concentration of CO (649.902 µg/m3) and O3 (33.556 µg/m3) did not exceed the South African National Ambient Air Quality Standards for each pollutant. The HQ for each pollutant across exposed groups (except children) was less than 1. This indicates that the recorded levels could not pose non-cancer risk to susceptible individuals.

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Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Ambient Gaseous Pollutants in an Urban Area in South Africa: Levels and Potential Human Health Risk

2020

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“…Sited in the industrial area are industrial facilities with approved air emission licences, power plants and metallurgical industries and facilities with small boilers [ 32 ]. The detailed information on the study area has been reported in our earlier published works [ 33 , 34 , 35 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health Risk Analysis of Elemental Components of an Industrially Emitted Respirable Particulate Matter in an Urban Area

Morakinyo

Mukhola

Mokgobu

2021

IJERPH

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Particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) is a recognised carcinogen and a priority air pollutant owing to its respirable and toxic chemical components. There is a dearth of information in South Africa on cancer and non-cancer risks of exposure to heavy metal (HM) content of PM2.5. This study determined the seasonal concentration of HM in PM2.5 and the cancer and non-cancer risks of exposure to HM in PM2.5. Ambient PM2.5 was monitored and samples were collected during the winter and summer months in an industrialized area in South Africa. Concentration levels of nine HMs—As, Cu, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn—were determined in the PM2.5 samples using inductive coupled optical emission spectrophotometry. The non-cancer and cancer risks of each metal through the inhalation, ingestion and dermal routes were estimated using the Hazard Quotient and Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk (ELCR), respectively, among infants, children, and adults. Mean concentration of each HM-bound PM2.5 was higher in winter than in summer. The probability of the HM to induce non-cancer effects was higher during winter than in summer. The mean ELCR for HMs in PM2.5 (5.24 × 10−2) was higher than the acceptable limit of 10−6 to 10−4. The carcinogenic risk from As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb were higher than the acceptable limit for all age groups. The risk levels for the carcinogenic HMs followed the order: Cr > As > Cd > Ni > Pb. The findings indicated that the concentrations of HM in PM2.5 demonstrated a season-dependent pattern and could trigger cancer and non-cancer health risks. The formulation of a regulatory standard for HM in South Africa and its enforcement will help in reducing human exposure to HM-bound PM2.5.

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“…The average annual temperature is 18.7 °C (65.7 °F) [24]. The detailed description of the study area was reported in previous studies, such as Morakinyo et al [43,44].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Composition of Respirable Particulate Matter in an Industrial Vicinity in South Africa

Morakinyo

Mokgobu

Mukhola

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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There is a growing concern that exposure to particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) with biological composition (bioaerosols) may play a key role in the prevalence of adverse health outcomes in humans. This study determined the bacterial and fungal concentrations in PM2.5 and their inhalation health risks in an industrial vicinity in South Africa. Samples of PM2.5 collected on a 47-mm glass fiber filter during winter and summer months were analysed for bacterial and fungal content using standard methods. The health risks from inhalation of bioaerosols were done by estimating the age-specific dose rate. The concentration of bacteria (168–378 CFU/m3) was higher than fungi (58–155 CFU/m3). Bacterial and fungal concentrations in PM2.5 were lower in winter than in the summer season. Bacteria identified in summer were similar to those identified in winter: Staphylococcus sp., Bacillus sp., Micrococcus sp., Flavobacterium sp., Klebsiella sp. and Pseudomonas sp. Moreover, the fungal floras identified include Cladosporium spp., Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Fusarium spp. and Alternaria spp. Children inhaled a higher dose of bacterial and fungal aerosols than adults. Bacteria and fungi are part of the bioaerosol components of PM2.5. Bioaerosol exposure may present additional health risks for children.

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Health risk assessment of exposure to ambient concentrations of benzene, toluene and xylene in Pretoria West, South Africa

Cited by 14 publications

References 37 publications

Ambient Gaseous Pollutants in an Urban Area in South Africa: Levels and Potential Human Health Risk

Ambient Gaseous Pollutants in an Urban Area in South Africa: Levels and Potential Human Health Risk

Health Risk Analysis of Elemental Components of an Industrially Emitted Respirable Particulate Matter in an Urban Area

Biological Composition of Respirable Particulate Matter in an Industrial Vicinity in South Africa

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