Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Consumption of Vegetables Irrigated with Tin Mine Pond Water in Jos – South, Plateau State

Abstract

The water range from Pb (1.439 – 1.715), Cu (0.234 – 0.377), Cd (0.838 – 1.346), Zn (0.448 – 1.110), Cr (0.144 – 0.794), Mn (0.777 – 2.011) and As (0.584 – 1.341) mg/L. The range in soil was Pb (67.5 – 120), Cu (8.51 – 32.5), Cd (0.21 – 1.72), Zn (70.8 – 85.6), Cr (15.8 – 29.5), Mn (14.6 – 19.1) and As (52.0 – 198) mg/kg and in the vegetables in the range of Pb (0.177 – 0.545), Cu (0.073 – 0.748), Cd (0.005 – 0.019), Zn (0.264 – 0.915), Cr (0.089 – 0.158), Mn (0.162 – 0.253) and As (0.032 – 0.245) mg/kg. The study shows that the transfer coefficient of the heavy metals to vegetable was less than one (< 1). The estimated daily intake (DIM) of heavy metals from vegetables irrigated with tin mine pond water were in the order: Cd > Zn > Mn > Cr > Cu > Pb > As. The health risk index (HRI) of all the studied heavy metals indicated that all vegetables were safe with no risk to human health except for Cd. health risk assessment of heavy metals in consumption of vegetables irrigated with tin mine pond water in Jos - South, Plateau State

Appraisement of Some Heavy Metals in Kuru Dam, Jos South L.G.A, Plateau State, Nigeria

“…Malakar et al,(2019), also reported that high arsenic content in irrigation water, accumulates in the top soil (10-15cm) which can change soil quality, consequently altering food quality and human health in the long run. Additionally, increased As level has been found to decrease edible biomass production in beans and the deposition of arsenic in the beans; Mafuyai et al, (2020) worked on health risk assessment of heavy metals in consumption of vegetables irrigated with tin mine pond water in Jos South, Plateau State, reported As concentration of 0.94ppm. Olatoyinbo in 2018 andOgenyi (2018) reported As value to be above the recommended OIGANJI, E; STELLA, D.C; KAHYA, S.S; AHMED, A permissible limits.…”

Heavy metals contamination in vegetable crops irrigated with wastewater: A review

“…Similar by Paluwa et al, 2012 [94] assessed the concentration of Fe and Ni during dry and rainy seasons and noticed that Fe levels reduced by 8.25% in onions and nickel by 45.19% in okro in rainy season samples over those of the dry season, and the mean levels of metals in the okro samples for the dry season were in the order Fe > Cu > Zn > Mn > Ni > Pb > Co > Cr, while those of the rainy season indicated Fe > Cu > Zn > Mn > Ni > Co > Pb > Cr. This trend suggests that okro has a higher retention capacity for essential metals, zinc, manganese, and copper, than for the toxic ones, nickel, lead, cobalt, and chromium (Zhou, et al, 2016) [134] Mafuyai et al 2020a [79] , determined the accumulation of heavy metals in vegetables (garden egg (Solanum melongena), Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), Tomato (Lycopersicon esculatum L.), red pepper (Capsicum anum), Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. Sativus) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea) in Jos-South, Plateau State, Nigeria.…”

“…The result revealed that Pb, Cd and Cr were higher than permissible levels in some of vegetables. Similarly, Mafuyai et al 2020b [81] assessed heavy metals concentration in vegetables garden egg (Solanum melongena), Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), Tomato (Lycopersicon esculatum L.), red pepper (Capsicum anum), Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. Sativus) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea) irrigated with tin mine pond water in Jos -South, Plateau State and reported that the concentration of the metals was in the range of Pb (0.177 -0.545), Cu (0.073 -0.748), Cd (0.005 -0.019), Zn (0.264 -0.915), Cr (0.089 -0.158), Mn (0.162 -0.253) and As (0.032 -0.245) mg/kg.…”

“…Agricultural practices are also considered to elevate the contamination of crops during application of fertilizers, pesticides, composting and manuring. The elements (Pb, Cd, As, Cr and Cd) are contained in phosphatic fertilizer in which Cd is a major cause of concern due to its high mobility and tendency to readily accumulate in vegetables in large quantity without exhibiting any phytotoxic effects (Mafuyai et al, 2020a) [79] . However, one the major sources of vegetable contamination with heavy metals might be due to the waste water irrigation, solid waste disposal, sludge applications, vehicular exhaust and agrochemicals.…”

“…The mechanism involve in heavy metal retention in organic matter are complexion and adsorptive. Other factors that influence the uptake of heavy metals important for noting are temperature, soil texture and cation exchange capacity and selective uptake of ion or diffusion (Mafuyai, 2020b) [81] . Therefore, the absorption of heavy metals by plants from soil is in response to concentration gradient Roots play important role in the uptake of ions on the root surface in cationic form with negative cell wall due to the presence of cellulose, pectin and glycoproteins (Patrick, 2006) [101] .…”