Health Risk Assessment of Urban Suspended Particulate Matter with Special Reference to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Review

Ravindra,; Mittal, Atul K.; Grieken, R. Van

doi:10.1515/reveh.2001.16.3.169

Cited by 170 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…18,19 Thus, synergetic effects of PM and PAHs might be associated with higher exposure risks for human health. 20 Aiming to minimize the PAH harmful effects on human health, EU settled the target value for PAHs in ambient air considering benzo-(a)pyrene as the marker of carcinogenic PAH risk. 21 The target value is 1 ng m…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Traffic Emissions on the Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Outdoor Breathable Particles

Slezáková

Castro

Pereira

et al. 2010

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Because polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been proven to be toxic, mutagenic, and/or carcinogenic, there is widespread interest in analyzing and evaluating exposure to PAHs in atmospheric environments influenced by different emission sources. Because traffic emissions are one of the biggest sources of fine particles, more information on carcinogenic PAHs associated with fine particles needs to be provided. Aiming to further understand the impact of traffic particulate matter (PM) on human health, this study evaluated the influence of traffic on PM 10 (PM with aerodynamic diameter Ͻ10 m) and PM 2.5 (PM with aerodynamic diameter Ͻ2.5 m), considering their concentrations and compositions in carcinogenic PAHs. Samples were collected at one site influenced by traffic emissions and at one reference site using lowvolume samplers. Analysis of PAHs was performed by microwave-assisted extraction combined with liquid chromatography (MAE-LC); 17 PAHs, including 9 carcinogenic ones, were quantified. At the site influenced by traffic emissions, PM 10 and PM 2.5 concentrations were, respectively, 380 and 390% higher than at the background site. When influenced by traffic emissions, the total concentration of nine carcinogenic compounds (naphthalene, chrysene, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(b) fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, and dibenzo(a,l)pyrene) was increased by 2400 and 3000% in PM 10 and PM 2.5 , respectively; these nine carcinogenic compounds represented 68 and 74% of total PAHs (⌺ PAHs ) for PM 10 and PM 2.5 , respectively. All PAHs, including the carcinogenic compounds, were mainly present in fine particles. Considering the strong influence of these fine particles on human health, these conclusions are relevant for the development of strategies to protect public health.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Traffic Emissions on the Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Outdoor Breathable Particles

Slezáková

Castro

Pereira

et al. 2010

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…Nevertheless, it is not yet clear if it is the physical or the chemical PM characteristics, or both, that are responsible for these effects [6]. Most of the PAHs with low vapor pressure in the air are adsorbed onto PM [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particulate samples by microwave‐assisted extraction and liquid chromatography

Castro

Slezáková

Oliva-Teles

et al. 2009

J of Separation Science

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A methodology based on microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and LC with fluorescence detection (FLD) was investigated for the efficient determination of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) regarded as priority pollutants by the US Environmental Protection Agency and dibenzo(a,l)pyrene in atmospheric particulate samples. PAHs were successfully extracted from real outdoor particulate matter (PM) samples with recoveries ranging from 81.4 l 8.8 to 112.0 l 1.1%, for all the compounds except for naphthalene (62.3 l 18.0%) and anthracene (67.3 l 5.7%), under the optimum MAE conditions (30.0 mL of ACN for 20 min at 1108C). No clean-up steps were necessary prior to LC analysis. LOQs ranging from 0.0054 ng/m 3 for benzo(a)anthracene to 0.089 ng/m 3 for naphthalene were reached. The validated MAE methodology was applied to the determination of PAHs from a set of real world PM samples collected in Oporto (north of Portugal). The sum of particulate-bound PAHs in outdoor PM ranged from 2.5 and 28 ng/m 3 .

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“…Wood smoke is an aerosol, of hazardous gases, wood tars, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals and soot, which is made visible by the presence of particulate matter (PM) (Chaiyo et al 2011, Ravindra et al 2001. The cumulative distribution of PM is 91,8% (< 1 μm); 93,1% (<2,5 μm) and 95,8% (< 10 μm) (EPA 1984).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentrations of heavy metals in Eucalyptus and Pinus wood sawdust and smoke, Copperbelt province, Zambia

Ncube

Phiri

2015

Maderas, Cienc. tecnol.

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The bulk of exotic forest plantations and sawmills in Zambia are within the reach of air pollutants from mines on the Copperbelt province. Up to 60% of every cubic meter of the timber processed is waste, of which 0,12 m 3 is sawdust. Sawdust is largely used for various surface amendments and as a source of energy, but the dangers it poses to users are not known. Heavy metals assimilated by trees or adsorbed by sawdust from the environment may be a health hazard at certain levels. The amount of heavy metals in Eucalyptus and Pinus sawdust was evaluated on samples from Kitwe and Ndola to establish if the use of sawdust for energy and surface amendments was safe. Composite samples for each wood type were collected from each site and digested. The ensuing solution was filtered and analyzed by flame emission Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy for heavy metals. Smoke from a burning test was trapped on Whateman 41 filter paper and the particulate matter that was trapped was extracted. The extract mixture was centrifuged to obtain a clear solution which was then analyzed for heavy metals by AAS. The heavy metal concentrations in Eucalyptus sawdust were 11,5-61,1 mg Pb/kg; 3,3-7,9 mg Cd/kg; 4,9-56,9 mg Cr/kg and 20,2-43,4 mg Ni/kg while that in Pinus sawdust were 17,1-32,8 mg Pb/kg; 5,1-8,6 mg Cd/kg; 9,9-28,2 mg Cr/kg and 18,7-67,4 mg Ni/kg. The concentrations of chromium and cadmium in both wood types from Kitwe exceeded the limit, and so the sawdust was deemed unsuitable for surface applications. This was the same for nickel in Pinus sawdust. The study showed that sawdust from both wood types was not safe for mulching, composting and animal bedding. The annual exposure limits of 0,2 μg Cr/m 3 , 180 μg Ni/m 3 and 0,2 μg Cd/m 3 set by the World Health Organization were not exceeded by the smoke from both wood types. This suggested that heavy metals embedded on particulate matter from Eucalyptus and Pinus sawdust which has been in storage for about two years in conditions found in Kitwe is unlikely to have adverse short-term health effects associated with heavy metals.

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Health Risk Assessment of Urban Suspended Particulate Matter with Special Reference to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Review

Cited by 170 publications

References 81 publications

Influence of Traffic Emissions on the Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Outdoor Breathable Particles

Influence of Traffic Emissions on the Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Outdoor Breathable Particles

Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particulate samples by microwave‐assisted extraction and liquid chromatography

Concentrations of heavy metals in Eucalyptus and Pinus wood sawdust and smoke, Copperbelt province, Zambia

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