Health Risk Evaluation of Selected Heavy Metals in Infant Nutrition Formula in Cross River State, Nigeria

Abstract

The aim of this study is to ascertain the level of some heavy metals namely; Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt and Lead in baby milk or infant formulas used in the country and evaluate the health risk associated with their consumption. Five (5) brands of popularly consumed and most preferred or recommended infant formula foods for children in Nigeria were bought from the main (Watt) market in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria and were coded and labeled V, W, X, Y and Z respectively. The samples were digested in the fume cupboard using aqua regia and analyzed for heavy metals using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). The results showed that the concentration of Arsenic was less than 0.001mgkg-1 across all the five (5) brands. Cadmium concentration ranged between 0.010 - 0.052 mgkg-1 , and it was detected in all the samples. Cobalt ranged between 0.002 - 0.010 mgkg-1 , and it was detected in 3 out of the 5 samples. Chromium concentration ranged between 0.002 - 0.004 mgkg-1 was detected in 4 out of the 5 samples or brands of infant formula studied. Lead amount ranged between 0.080 - 0.014 mgkg-1 and was less than 0.001 mgkg-1 in 2 brands out of the five brands sampled. These results are low and within the permissible limits of WHO. The Target Hazard Quotients (THQ) of these metals were all less than 1 except for Cadmium in brand V that was 1. This indicates that there is no health danger associated with the imgestion of the infant formulas at the moment
 Keywords: Health risk, Heavy metals, Infant formula, Calabar-Nigeria

Wireless Mobile Power Communication System Based on Artificial Intelligence Algorithm

“…Akpe, M. A. and others believe that wireless network terminal equipment and wired network terminal equipment have different characteristics, and wired network equipment will not be physically contacted by users or intruders, while the physical equipment of wireless network is likely to be contacted, so there may be intruders deploy fake APs. e computing power of wireless network terminal equipment is usually weak, and it is easier to lose and damage than wired network terminal equipment [3]. e use of the wireless network has greatly improved the efficiency of the office and information transmission, but at the same time, due to the openness of the wireless network, its security is fragile and vulnerable to monitoring or attack.…”