Health Risk of Heavy Metals Related to Consumption of Vegetables in Areas of Industrial Impact in the Republic of Kazakhstan—Case Study for Oskemen

Abstract

Among various heavy metal sources the metallurgic industry is the most threatening because emitted metals presented are the chemical forms in which metals are found in soil are more bioavailable and thus very easily are introduced into the environment and spread in both soils and plants. In this study such a situation is presented and the potential negative effect of emitted metals on soil and vegetables is estimated. Therefore, the following indicators were used: bioconcentration factors calculated for the total amount of metals (BCF) as well as daily intake of metal (DIM) and health risk index (HRI). Analyzed soils and vegetables originated from allotment gardens located at different distances from local industrial plants. The greatest amounts of metals in investigated materials (soils and plants) were found for the industrial zone and the lowest for samples representing the suburban zone. Among the analyzed metals Zn showed the highest (223.94–2645.13 mg·kg−1 for soils and 9.14–49.28 mg·kg−1 for plants), and Cd the lowest levels (1.77–15.2 mg·kg−1 for soils and 0.05–0.46 mg·kg−1 for plants). Regardless of the metal, the lowest BCF values were calculated for plants from the industrial zone and the highest from the urban site. Generally, BCF values calculated for vegetables were low and comparable for carrots, tomatoes, and cabbage. BCF values obtained for beetroots were higher in comparison to other vegetables. Regardless of plants, DIM values for Cd and Pb were low and comparable. DIM values for Cu and Zn were higher, but simultaneously strongly differentiated depending on the analyzed vegetables. A similar tendency was found in the case of HRI. The highest values were recorded for Cu and Zn in tomatoes. Regardless of the individual metals, the calculated values for DIM and HRI indices increased in the following sequence: beetroot < cabbage < carrot < tomato. The Zn and Cu contents in the studied types of vegetables do not exceed the maximum permissible levels recommended by WHO/FAO. In contrast, Pb concentrations were higher than the imposed standards in all the analyzed vegetable samples. On the basis of obtained DIM and HRI indices, consumption of vegetables cultivated in industrial areas should be restricted due to health risks related to heavy metals contained in plants.

Phytoaccumulation of Heavy Metals in South Kazakhstan Soils (Almaty and Turkestan Regions): An Evaluation of Plant-Based Remediation Potential

“…The increased content of HM in soils is a favorable factor for their transition to plant organisms. According to Boluspayeva et al [42], in soils little affected by economic activity, the content of heavy metals is insignificant, the approximate amount of cadmium is 0.13 mg/kg, mercury -0.08 mg/kg, lead -16 mg/kg, copper -20 mg/kg, nickel -40 mg/kg, cobalt -8 mg/kg, chromium -100 mg/kg, iron -8000 mg/kg.…”

Focusing on Eco-Friendly Adsorption Method: Removal of Endocrine-Disrupting Cu2+ Ions by Iron Shavings

“…They are not biodegradable by natural mechanisms and accumulate in living things through the food chain [4]. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, seven heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Zn, Cu, Cd, Hg, Ni) are listed as the most common heavy metals in the environment [5,6]. Heavy metal pollution has been a research topic for many years.…”