Health risks of adults in Hong Kong related to inhalation of particle-bound heavy metal(loid)s

Chen, Jiayao; Ward, Tony; Sarkar, Chinmoy; Ho, Kin Fai; Webster, Chris

doi:10.1007/s11869-021-01115-6

Cited by 13 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Similar findings were reported in previous publications, indicating balancing the relative magnitude of σ 2 w and σ 2 b to achieve an optimal measurement strategy for study participants. Chen et al (2022) [ 31 ] discovered that repeated personal monitoring in different seasons could capture the variations in exposure concentrations of hazardous pollutants. Longer-term personal measurement is required in urban areas for accurate health risk assessment.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Exposure concentrations (EC, ng/m 3 ) of PAE congeners attributable to inhalation were estimated using the following equation [ 31 ]:

where C i represents the concentration of the studied PAE congener ( i ) in PM 2.5 samples (ng/m 3 ), and ET is the exposure time (24 h/day). EF is exposure frequency (e.g., calculated based on the average frequency of detection for PAEs in personal, residential indoor, and outdoor samples, with results showing 342 year, 334, and 341 days/year, respectively ( Table S2 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Personal PM2.5-Bound Phthalates Exposure for Adults in Hong Kong

Chen

Ward

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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We performed personal PM2.5 monitoring involving 56 adult residents in Hong Kong. Additionally, paired personal and residential indoor fine particle (PM2.5) samples were collected from 26 homes and from 3 fixed monitoring locations (i.e., outdoor samples). Six PM2.5-bound phthalate esters (PAEs)—including dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP)—were measured using a thermal desorption–gas chromatography/mass spectrometer method. Average ∑6PAEs (i.e., summation of six PAE congeners) concentrations in personal PM2.5 exposure (699.4 ng/m3) were comparable with those in residential indoors (646.9 ng/m3), and both were slightly lower than the outdoor levels. DEHP was the most abundant PAE congener (80.3%–85.0%) and found at the highest levels in different exposure categories, followed by BBP, DnBP, and DnOP. Strong correlations were observed between DEHP with DnBP (rs: 0.81–0.90; p < 0.01), BBP (rs: 0.81–0.90; p < 0.01), and DnOP (rs: 0.87–0.93; p < 0.01) in each exposure category. However, no apparent intercorrelations were shown for PAE congeners. Higher indoor concentrations and a stronger correlation between DMP and DEP were found compared with outdoor concentrations. Principal component analysis affirmed heterogeneous distribution and notable variations in PAE sources across different exposure categories. The average daily intakes of ∑6PAEs and DEHP via inhalation were 0.14–0.17 and 0.12–0.16 μg/kg-day for adults in Hong Kong. A time-weighted model was used to estimate PAE exposures incorporating residential indoor and outdoor exposure and time activities. The inhalation cancer risks attributable to measured and estimated personal exposure to DEHP exceeded the U.S. EPA’s benchmark (1 × 10−6). The results provide critical information for mitigation strategies, suggesting that PAEs from both ambient and indoor sources should be considered when exploring the inhalation health risks of PAEs exposure.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Exposure concentrations (EC, ng/m 3 ) of PAE congeners attributable to inhalation were estimated using the following equation [ 31 ]:

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Personal PM2.5-Bound Phthalates Exposure for Adults in Hong Kong

Chen

Ward

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Seasonal Disparities of Human Health Risk and Particle-Bound Metal Characteristics Associated with Atmospheric Particles in a Fishery Harbor

Tsai,

Peng,

Lin

et al. 2023

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

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Human health risk assessment of PM10-bound heavy metals and PAHs around the Latin America’s Largest opencast coal mine

Arregocés,

Bonivento,

Ladino

et al. 2023

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Air pollution in opencast coal mine areas is a critical issue, resulting in harmful severe effects on human health. Therefore, it is essential to understand the air pollution factors and to assess the risks to humans. This study evaluated the potential risks (carcinogen and non-carcinogen) of inhalation exposure to PM10-bound heavy metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an open pit mine in northern Colombia. During February-May 2022, PM10 samples were collected at eight sites. Heavy metals (i.e., Al, Cr(VI), Mn, Cu, Zn, As, Pb) and PAHs (thirteen priority PAHs, and one non-priority PAH) levels linked to PM10 were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, respectively. PM10 concentrations were found to range between 4.70 and 59.90 µg m−3. Out of the three different zones of the study area (i.e., North Zone, South Zone, and Populated Zone), the North Zone recorded the highest daily average concentrations of Cr(VI) (104.16 ng m−3), Mn (28.39 ng m−3), Cu (33.75 ng m−3), Zn (57.99 ng m−3), As (44.92 ng m−3), and Pb (27.13 ng m−3). The fraction of the analyzed heavy metals at all monitoring sites was 82%–89% for Al, followed by Cr(VI) with 3%–6%. Cr(VI) was the major contributor to the carcinogenic risk values, while Cu, Cr(VI), and As were the main drivers for the non-carcinogenic risk. The average cancer risk range for heavy metals was 3.30 × 10–04 –5.47 × 10–04. On the other hand, the cancer risk for PAHs exposure was acceptable. The average incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values varied between 2.87 × 10–07 and 4.21 × 10–07. Benzo[a]pyrene contributed to 54%–56% of the total risk from inhalation of PM10-bound PAHs, while Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene contributed to 16%–19%. Based on the Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis, exposure to Cr(VI) was the main factor affecting cancer risk in the North, South, and Populated Zones. A suitable risk assessment and management plan requires understanding PM10-bound heavy metals and PAHs concentration levels as well as their potential health risks, mainly in open-cast coal mine zones. Our study found that people living near open-pit mines face potential health risks, so it is crucial to establish policies and regulations to control emission sources.

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Health risks of adults in Hong Kong related to inhalation of particle-bound heavy metal(loid)s

Cited by 13 publications

References 49 publications

Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Personal PM2.5-Bound Phthalates Exposure for Adults in Hong Kong

Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Personal PM2.5-Bound Phthalates Exposure for Adults in Hong Kong

Seasonal Disparities of Human Health Risk and Particle-Bound Metal Characteristics Associated with Atmospheric Particles in a Fishery Harbor

Human health risk assessment of PM10-bound heavy metals and PAHs around the Latin America’s Largest opencast coal mine

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