Healthcare professionals more knowledgeable about female genital mutilation but still some way to go

A survey of Australian midwives’ knowledge, experience, and training needs in relation to female genital mutilation

“…The Royal Women's Hospital, Victoria clearly elaborates the appropriate services that a women may require during pregnancy and childbirth (43). Effective and collaborative referral arrangements between health professionals are also articulated in clinical guidelines in Australia and other countries such as the UK (17,24,48).…”

Sculptors of African Women’s Bodies: Forces Reshaping the Embodiment of Female Genital Cutting in the West

“…Social determinants of health such as limited access to affordable health U.S. Immigration and Citizenship Services, 2020) or child care, language barriers, challenges navigating health-care systems, limited health literacy, discordant beliefs about health and illness, profound distrust of the health-care system, gender and ethnocultural incongruence between patients and providers, experiences of discrimination, microaggressions and implicit bias, as well as providers' lack of knowledge, confidence and cultural sensitivity in caring for FGC-affected populations, further compound distrust and fear due to the political environment (Dawson, Homer, Turkmani, Black, & Varol, 2015;Degni, Suominen, Essén, El Ansari, & Vehviläinen-Julkunen, 2012;Essén et al, 2000Essén et al, , 2011Evans et al, 2019b;Herrel et al, 2004;Johnsdotter, 2019;Johnson, Reed, & Batra, 2005;Lane et al, 2019;Lazar et al, 2013;Moxey & Jones, 2016;Pavlish, Noor, & Brandt, 2010;Relph, Inamdar, Singh, & Yoong, 2012;Smith & Stein, 2017;Sureshkumar et al, 2016;Tracy, 2007;Turkamani et al, 2019). A cross-sectional study in Oslo, Norway, found that only 20% of Somali migrants sought health care for FGCrelated concerns (Mbanya, Gele, Diaz, & Kumar, 2018).…”

Factors Associated with Health Care Provider Attitudes, and Confidence for the Care of Women and Girls Affected by Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting

“…22 Those providers who have received training often report that they would benefit from additional training. 18,[23][24][25] A recent survey of obstetric providers in the United States found that *30% would perform reinfibulation, a type of FGM/C that includes the partial or complete resuturing of the vulva following defibulation, if a woman requested it. 22 In the United States and other Western countries, health care providers may find themselves facing ethical dilemmas as they balance an opposition to FGM/C as a practice with adult women's right to bodily modifications.…”