Healthy Immunity on Preventive Medicine for Combating COVID-19

Abstract

Immunomodulation is influenced by the consumption of nutrients, and healthy immunity is pivotal to defending an individual from a variety of pathogens. The immune system is a network of intricately regulated biological processes that is comprised of many organs, cellular structures, and signaling molecules. A balanced diet, rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, is key to a strengthened immune system and, thus, crucial to proper functioning of various physiological activities. Conversely, deficiencies of these micronutrients, involving impaired immunity, are linked to numerous health complications, along with a host of pathologies. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a dangerous infectious disease caused by a β-form of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its genomic variants, which enter host cells upon binding to the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptors, and is associated with substantial morbidities and mortalities globally. Patients afflicted with COVID-19 display asymptomatic to severe symptoms, occurrences of which are multifactorial and include diverse immune responses, sex and gender differences, aging, and underlying medical conditions. Geriatric populations, especially men in comparison to women, regardless of their states, are most vulnerable to severe COVID-19-associated infections and complications, with fatal outcomes. Advances in genomic and proteomic technologies help one understand molecular events, including host–pathogen interactions and pathogenesis of COVID-19 and, subsequently, have developed a variety of preventive measures urgently, ranging from mask wearing to vaccination to medication. Despite these approaches, no unique strategy is available today that can effectively prevent and/or treat this hostile disease. As a consequence, the maintenance of a boosted immune system could be considered a high priority of preventive medicine for combating COVID-19. Herein, we discuss the current level of understanding underlining the contribution of healthy immunity and its relevance to COVID-19 molecular pathogenesis, and potential therapeutic strategies, in the management of this devastating disease.

Effects of a New Multicomponent Nutritional Supplement on Muscle Mass and Physical Performance in Adult and Old Patients Recovered from COVID-19: A Pilot Observational Case–Control Study

“…With the persistence of these conditions, it is important to advocate for specific nutritional assessment protocols and the prescription of multicomponent nutritional support. The estimation of energy, protein, special micronutrient, and oral nutritional supplement needs to be implemented in accordance with the appropriate guidelines in both non-COVID-19 and COVID-19 patients, while taking into consideration all the specific requirements of the older persons and/or polymorbid patients [ 20 , 21 ].…”

The potential of caffeine contained in the coffee to modulate the immune system of the COVID-19 sufferers: A review

“…SARS-CoV-2 is the pathogen responsible for the onset of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID- 19), an extremely transmissible respiratory ailment. SARS-CoV-2, also known as Coronavirus 2, belongs to the genus Beta corona viruses because the genome of this virus is about 30,000 base pairs long, has a "spike" protein, and can spread from animals to humans (S).…”

Investigation The Effect of Pfizer , AstraZeneca , and Sinopharm Vaccines Against SARS-CoV-2 in Iraq Using Cluster of Differentiation 4 (CD4 ) and Vitamin D3

“…The Th2 cytokine concentrations that are abnormally high can trigger eosinophilic infiltrations via inducing immunological reactions. The development of Th2-type immunopathology with increased eosinophilic infiltration was caused by four distinct SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations [25] .The COVID-19 vaccine's T cells are required for the production of antibodies by B cells, which can be accelerated and collaborated with by appropriate vitamin D supplementation, which can boost immunity [26] .T cells and antibodies that specifically target the antigen and neutralize the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein were created after the vaccination, which was well tolerated. Adults produced S-protein-reactive CD4+ T cells with a T helper (THαβ)-type cytokine bias and showed CD8+ T cells with a cytotoxic profile.…”