Hearing and justice: The link between hearing impairment in early childhood and youth offending in Aboriginal children living in remote communities of the Northern Territory, Australia

He, Vincent Yaofeng; Su, Jiunn-Yih; Guthridge, Steven; Malvaso, Catia; Howard, Damien; Williams, Tamika; Leach, Amanda J.

doi:10.1186/s40352-019-0097-6

Cited by 37 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…The third implication is the importance of interagency collaboration, corroborating the recommendations of the Royal Commission which also stressed the need to develop a workforce equipped to deal with the complex needs of children who crossover between the child protection and youth justice systems [14]. This is particularly important in settings with relatively high prevalence of both child maltreatment reports and youth offending behaviour, such as the NT where it has also been established that community-level in uences contribute to the high risk of youth offending [64]. This and other similar studies also reinforce a separate recommendation of the Royal Commission calling for more research into place-based strategies for community safety and crime prevention [63] to inform a whole-of-community approach and inter-agency collaboration to child protection and youth justice.…”

Section: Persistence and Timing Of Cps Contactmentioning

confidence: 78%

Opportunities for Prevention: A Data-Linkage Study to Inform A Public Health Response to Youth Offending in The Northern Territory, Australia

Leckning

Malvaso

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background Numerous studies have demonstrated a strong link between child maltreatment and subsequent youth offending, leading to calls for early intervention initiatives. However, there have been few whole-population studies into the dimensions of statutory child maltreatment responses that can inform these programs. The aim of this study was to investigate the sex-specific association between level and timing of child protection system (CPS) contact and youth offending.Methods This retrospective cohort study used linked individual-level records from multiple agencies, for 10,438 Aboriginal children born in the Northern Territory between 1999 and 2006. The outcome measure was the first alleged offence. Key explanatory variables were level (no contact through to out-of-home care) and timing (0-4 years, 5-9 years, or both) of CPS contact. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate cumulative incidence and a flexible parametric survival model to estimate hazard ratios (HR).Results Children with no record of CPS contact before age 10 had the lowest cumulative incidence of first offence by age 18 (boys: 23.4% [95%CI:21.0-26.1]; girls: 6.6% [95%CI:5.3-8.2]) and those with a record of out-of-home care the highest CI (boys: 45.5% [95%CI:37.0-54.9]; girls: 18.6% [95%CI:13.0-26.2]). The impact of CPS contact on risk of first alleged offence was greatest for children aged 10-13 years and decreased with age. Timing of CPS contact was also associated with increasing cumulative incidence. The relative risk for first offence was generally higher for children with CPS contact, of any type, during both developmental phases including notifications during both phases (boys, HR at age 11: 8.9 [95%CI:4.2-17.2]; girls, HR at age 11: 13.7 [95%CI:3.8-48.9]) and substantiations during both phases (boys, HR at age 11: 17.0 [95%CI:9.6-30.0]; girls, HR at age 11: 54.1 [95%CI:18.1-162]). Conclusion The increased risk of offending associated with level and timing of early CPS contact highlights opportunities for a differentiated public health response to improve life trajectories for children and to reduce youth crime. Although children with unsubstantiated notifications of maltreatment do not meet the criteria for a statutory CPS response, the higher risk of offending among these children supports their inclusion in targeted preventive interventions.

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Section: Persistence and Timing Of Cps Contactmentioning

confidence: 78%

Opportunities for Prevention: A Data-Linkage Study to Inform A Public Health Response to Youth Offending in The Northern Territory, Australia

Leckning

Malvaso

et al. 2020

Preprint

Self Cite

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“…Studies of community samples have similarly found a higher prevalence of maltreatment among females who offended relative to males who offended, including those examining likelihood of general offending, as well as specific offence types (Duke et al, 2010;He et al, 2019;Herrera & McCloskey, 2001). Studies examining gender differences in maltreatment among crossover samples involved in both the youth justice and child protection systems have produced more mixed findings (Baidawi & Sheehan, 2020a; Dirig,…”

Section: Synthesis Of Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Differences in the Maltreatment-Youth Offending Relationship: A Scoping Review

Baidawi

Papalia

Featherston

2021

Trauma, Violence, & Abuse

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Maltreated and child welfare-involved youth are over-represented in juvenile justice systems. These youth are at a greater risk of serious offending and justice system entrenchment relative to their non-maltreated peers. Understanding gender differences in the pathways to justice involvement and the nature of offending among maltreated children is critical for informing policy and practice. Yet, this body of evidence is fragmented. This scoping review identified and narratively synthesized evidence from studies reporting on gender differences in the individual characteristics, maltreatment experiences, child protection involvement and offending profiles of maltreated youth who offend. A comprehensive search of four databases generated 11,568 publications, from which 180 met the review’s inclusion criteria. These primary studies included participants aged 8–21 years with a history of childhood maltreatment and youth offending and reported at least one gendered analysis. Some consistent findings were reported across studies. A greater level of child welfare involvement and maltreatment exposure (particularly sexual abuse and multi-type maltreatment) was found for justice involved girls, relative to boys. Maltreated and child welfare-involved boys appear more likely to offend than girls, but findings about how gender moderates the maltreatment-offending relationship were inconsistent. Child welfare systems involvement (particularly foster care and residential care) appeared to be an important moderator for girls, and school performance mediated outcomes for boys. Across this body of evidence, few studies accounted for under-reporting of abuse and neglect when using youth self-report measures of maltreatment. Future research is needed which explicitly explores how gender moderates the maltreatment-offending relationship.

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“…Hard of hearing students often regularly experience negative interactions with others. There is increasing evidence of adverse social and emotional outcomes associated with a history of ear disease (Hogan et al 2012;Zubrick et al 2006) and hearing loss (He et al 2019). Hearing loss has long-term negative social impacts, including limited employment options, increased risk of anti-social behavior (Howard 2005;Lowell 1994;Nienhuys and Burnip 1988) and involvement with the criminal justice system (Preston 1994;Vanderpoll and Howard 2012).…”

Section: Psychosocial Effects Of Hearing Lossmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More than half of children who had child protection reports made about them in remote Northern Territory communities were found to have a history of hearing loss. Hearing loss and having child protection reports made were both associated with youth offending (He et al 2019). Currently, neither pre-service or in-service training of child protection workers in Australia includes any information on hearing loss impacting negatively on family communication and how to help mitigate these effects in at home or out of home care.…”

Section: Psychosocial Effects Of Hearing Lossmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Importance of Physical Health: The Impact of Otitis Media on Hearing Loss and Education Outcomes

Howard

2020

Health and Education Interdependence

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Hearing is the sense that most structures our social engagement. Conductive hearing loss is caused by middle ear disease which is the most common reason young children visit doctors in the Western world. Yet, 90% of the burden of conductive hearing loss is in developing countries, especially among disadvantaged communities. Indigenous people in Australia have one of the worst profiles of ear disease and hearing loss in the world. However, the access to first-world audiological and medical resources has catalogued the associated problems in ways that have occurred little elsewhere. An unidentified mild to moderate hearing loss usually leads to persistent negative social interactions. It also disrupts classroom learning that relies primarily on 'teacher talk'. Growing up in crowded noisy houses, both spreads ear infections as well as exacerbating the impact of hearing loss by having many others in the family with a hearing loss. When hearing loss is experienced early in life it influences the development of social skills, psychological well-being and educational engagement. Children do develop compensatory communication skills, such as visual observation and analysis. However, this is most effective if the people they communicate with also use visually rich communication strategies. Teacher training and access to classroom support from familiar local community members are the least expensive support interventions, while improving school acoustics and use of sound field systems are also valuable. The work with Indigenous people in Australia gives both information that can be useful elsewhere, as well as pitfalls to avoid. A health only focus, which aims to prevent and treat ear disease, while neglecting efforts to mitigate the adverse impacts of hearing loss should be avoided. A holistic and collaborative partnership involving health, education and other agencies is ideal.

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Hearing and justice: The link between hearing impairment in early childhood and youth offending in Aboriginal children living in remote communities of the Northern Territory, Australia

Cited by 37 publications

References 40 publications

Opportunities for Prevention: A Data-Linkage Study to Inform A Public Health Response to Youth Offending in The Northern Territory, Australia

Opportunities for Prevention: A Data-Linkage Study to Inform A Public Health Response to Youth Offending in The Northern Territory, Australia

Gender Differences in the Maltreatment-Youth Offending Relationship: A Scoping Review

The Importance of Physical Health: The Impact of Otitis Media on Hearing Loss and Education Outcomes

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