Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: diagnosis, risk assessment, and treatment
Stephan von Haehling,
Birgit Assmus,
Tarek Bekfani
et al.
Abstract:The aetiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is heterogenous and overlaps with that of several comorbidities like atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, valvular heart disease, iron deficiency, or sarcopenia. The diagnosis of HFpEF involves evaluating cardiac dysfunction through imaging techniques and assessing increased left ventricular filling pressure, which can be measured directly or estimated through various proxies including natriuretic peptides. To be… Show more
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