Heart rate reactivity and depression in African-American and white dementia caregivers: Reporting bias or positive coping?

Dementia care-giving in black and Asian populations: reviewing and refining the research agenda

“…Further, they are less likely to perceive caregiving as intrusive, tend to hold more positive views about the obligation to care and are able to retain their sense of self Haley et al, 2004;Ulbrich, Warheit, & Zimmerman, 1989). Knight and McCallum (1998) suggest that this may be a result of African-American carers' adoption of a positive reappraisal strategy. They argue that adaptation to long-term oppression, segregation and socio-economic deprivation, has resulted in the 'reframing of difficult life experiences' equipping African-Americans to deal more effectively with the demands of caring (Ulbrich et al, 1989;Wood & Parham, 1990).…”

“…Overall, findings are mixed (Gonzalez, Gitlin, & Lyons, 1995). A number of studies detect no significant differences in depression or burden scores between Dementia care-giving in black and Asian groups 323 African-American and white carers (Cox, 1993;Knight & McCallum, 1998;Wood & Parham, 1990), whilst other research shows that African-American carers experience lower levels of depression and are less burdened (Haley et al, 2004;Hinrichsen & Ramirez, 1992;Roth, Haley, Owen, Clay, & Goode, 2001). It has been suggested that this may be in part, due to the positive perceptions that shape the meaning of care-giving in this culture; this pertains particularly to the view that care-giving is a rewarding experience as well as the fulfilment of a traditional expectation and role obligation (Dilworth-Anderson & Gibson, 1999).…”

Correlations among Coping Skills and Life Satisfaction in Ethnic Older Caregivers

“…Some research suggests that the coping styles employed are similar across ethnicities (Barber, 2002;McCallum, Longmire, & Knight, 2007), while other studies report there indeed exist discrepancies (Knight & McCallum, 1998;Kosberg, Kaufman, Burgio, Leeper, & Sun, 2007;Pinquart & Sorensen, 2005;Sun, Kosberg, Leeper, Kaufman, & Burgio, 2010). Researchers who have found variations in coping styles suggest certain ethnic groups have higher rates of using emotion-focused coping than non-Hispanic Whites (Knight, et al, 1998;Kosberg, et al, 2007;Pinquart, et al, 2005;Sun, et al, 2010;Trail Ross, & Aday, 2006;Wykle, & Segall, 1991). NonHispanic Whites have been found to seek assistance from support groups and receive other forms of help from mental health professionals more often than other ethnicities (Montoro-Rodriguez, & Gallagher-Thompson, 2009).…”

“…Caregivers who identify as African American have been shown to use different coping styles than Non-Hispanic White caregivers (Knight, et al, 1998;Kosberg, et al, 2007;Pinquart, et al, 2005;Sun, et al, 2010;Trail Ross, et al, 2006;Wykle, et al, 1991). One of the coping methods used more frequently by this group is the use of religion (Haley, et al, 1996;Kosberg, et al, 2007;Pinquart, et al, 2005;Sun, et al, 2010;Wykle, et al, 1991).…”

“…Similarly, certain ethnicities tend to employ emotion-focused coping strategies, such as turning to religion and avoidance to handle the effects of caregiving, more so than NonHispanic Whites (Knight, et al, 1998;Kosberg, et al, 2007;Pinquart, et al, 2005;Sun, et al, 2010;Trail Ross, et al, 2006;Wykle, et al, 1991). The above mentioned influences of demographic variables on coping strategies used by caregivers are a focus of this study.…”