Heart rate regulation and extreme bradycardia in diving emperor penguins

Meir, Jessica U.; Stockard, T. K.; Williams, C. L.; Ponganis, K. V.; Ponganis, Paul J.

doi:10.1242/jeb.013235

Cited by 65 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Noren et al, 2004;Meir et al, 2008). Nonetheless, because individual variation may weaken the resulting relationships, this pooled analytical approach reinforces the robustness of the conclusions (Meir et al, 2008).…”

Section: Heart Rate Analysessupporting

confidence: 64%

“…The approach of combining data across individuals when sample size is low follows the methods used by previous studies on diving heart rates in marine mammals and penguins (i.e. Noren et al, 2004;Meir et al, 2008). Nonetheless, because individual variation may weaken the resulting relationships, this pooled analytical approach reinforces the robustness of the conclusions (Meir et al, 2008).…”

Section: Heart Rate Analysesmentioning

confidence: 90%

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The dive response redefined: underwater behavior influences cardiac variability in freely diving dolphins

Noren

Kendall

Cuccurullo³

et al. 2012

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYA hallmark of the dive response, bradycardia, promotes the conservation of onboard oxygen stores and enables marine mammals to submerge for prolonged periods. A paradox exists when marine mammals are foraging underwater because activity should promote an elevation in heart rate (f H ) to support increased metabolic demands. To assess the effect of the interaction between the diving response and underwater activity on f H , we integrated interbeat f H with behavioral observations of adult bottlenose dolphins diving and swimming along the coast of the Bahamas. As expected for the dive response, f H while resting during submergence (40±6beatsmin , and occurred during post-dive surface intervals. During submergence, the level of bradycardia was modified by activity. Behaviors such as simple head bobbing at depth increased f H by 40% from submerged resting levels. Higher heart rates were observed for horizontal swimming at depth. Indeed, the dolphins operated at 37-58% of their f H,max while active at depth and approached 57-79% of their f H,max during anticipatory tachycardia as the animals glided to the surface. f H was significantly correlated with stroke frequency (range0-2.5strokess -1 , r0.88, N25 dives) and calculated swim speed (range0-5.4ms -1 , r0.88, N25 dives). We find that rather than a static reflex, the dive response is modulated by behavior and exercise in a predictable manner.

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Section: Heart Rate Analysessupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Heart Rate Analysesmentioning

confidence: 90%

The dive response redefined: underwater behavior influences cardiac variability in freely diving dolphins

Noren

Kendall

Cuccurullo³

et al. 2012

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…Our hypothesis that a decreased stroke rate and muscle workload at sea could account for a longer ADL (behavioral or measured) at sea is not correct. For birds at the isolated dive hole, we suspect that the shift towards longer durations of dives (Fig.1) is supported by a lower diving metabolic rate afforded by the lower stroke rates and muscle workloads (Fig.4) as well as by the extreme bradycardias during these dives (Meir et al, 2008). It should also be noted that we have assumed that stroke rate is an adequate index of muscle workload.…”

Section: Stroke Ratementioning

confidence: 87%

“…Although such dives may be rare, exquisite O 2 store management and exceptional hypoxemic and ischemic tolerance are essential to survive such incidents. Extreme bradycardia, near-complete depletion of the blood O 2 store and exceptional anaerobic tolerance undoubtedly contributed to the successful performance of this dive Meir et al, 2008;Ponganis et al, 2009;Ponganis et al, 2007).…”

Section: Respiratory and Total Body O 2 Storesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Stroke rates and diving air volumes of emperor penguins: implications for dive performance

Sato

Shiomi

Marshall

et al. 2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYEmperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri), both at sea and at an experimental dive hole, often have minimal surface periods even after performance of dives far beyond their measured 5.6min aerobic dive limit (ADL: dive duration associated with the onset of post-dive blood lactate accumulation). Accelerometer-based data loggers were attached to emperor penguins diving in these two different situations to further evaluate the capacity of these birds to perform such dives without any apparent prolonged recovery periods. Minimum surface intervals for dives as long as 10min were less than 1min at both sites. Stroke rates for dives at sea were significantly greater than those for dives at the isolated dive hole. Calculated diving air volumes at sea were variable, increased with maximum depth of dive to a depth of 250m, and decreased for deeper dives. It is hypothesized that lower air volumes for the deepest dives are the result of exhalation of air underwater. Mean maximal air volumes for deep dives at sea were approximately 83% greater than those during shallow (<50m) dives. We conclude that (a) dives beyond the 5.6min ADL do not always require prolongation of surface intervals in emperor penguins, (b) stroke rate at sea is greater than at the isolated dive hole and, therefore, a reduction in muscle stroke rate does not extend the duration of aerobic metabolism during dives at sea, and (c) a larger diving air volume facilitates performance of deep dives by increasing the total body O 2 store to 68ml O 2 kg -1 . Although increased O 2 storage and cardiovascular adjustments presumably optimize aerobic metabolism during dives, enhanced anaerobic capacity and hypoxemic tolerance are also essential for longer dives. This was exemplified by a 27.6min dive, after which the bird required 6min before it stood up from a prone position, another 20min before it began to walk, and 8.4h before it dived again.

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“…The ability to instrument animals and actively record physiological parameters such as body temperature, oxygen utilization or heart rate has provided important new knowledge about how animals function (Meir et al 2008, Ponganis et al 2009). …”

Section: Physiology Behavioral Ecology and Population Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Biologging technologies: new tools for conservation. Introduction

Bograd

Block²,

Costa³

et al. 2010

Endang. Species. Res.

143

107

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Biologging technology allows researchers to take measurements from free-ranging animals as they move undisturbed through their environment. Recent advances in biologging technology, including electronic tag miniaturization and improved animal movement models, have revolutionized our understanding of the ecology of top predators and have permitted observations well beyond the reach of standard measurement techniques. Engineering has provided the biologging community with ever more sophisticated tags, and advances in the application of statistical methods to interpret these data have yielded powerful new tools for understanding animal behavior. The technology has also reached sufficient sophistication and reliability such that the data collected is often equivalent to industry standards for environmental sampling, which has led to profound advancements in the marine realm, where the sheer vastness, in 3 dimensions, limits our ability to observe. Biologging data is now being increasingly applied to marine management and conservation policy. In this introduction, we highlight a few of the research themes presented at the Third International Conference on Biologging Science, and comment on the future challenges of biologging science.

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Heart rate regulation and extreme bradycardia in diving emperor penguins

Cited by 65 publications

References 59 publications

The dive response redefined: underwater behavior influences cardiac variability in freely diving dolphins

The dive response redefined: underwater behavior influences cardiac variability in freely diving dolphins

Stroke rates and diving air volumes of emperor penguins: implications for dive performance

Biologging technologies: new tools for conservation. Introduction

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