Heart Rate Variability in Children and Adolescents with Autism, ADHD and Co-occurring Autism and ADHD, During Passive and Active Experimental Conditions

Bellato, Alessio; Arora, Iti; Kochhar, Puja; Ropar, Danielle; Hollis, Chris; Groom, Madeleine J.

doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05244-w

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…To establish a reliable basis and objective diagnosis of ASD and ADHD previous studies have analyzed different biosignals such as electroencephalogram (EEG) [11], [12], heart rate variability (HRV) [13], and eye tracking [14]. Shephard et al has reported reduced power in alpha and theta bands in ASD subjects whereas ADHD subjects exhibited decreased power in delta bands of the EEG [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Shephard et al has reported reduced power in alpha and theta bands in ASD subjects whereas ADHD subjects exhibited decreased power in delta bands of the EEG [12]. Bellato et al showed atypical autonomous response obtained from HRV as an indicator to separate ASD and ADHD with reduced parasympathetic activation in ASD during stress and reduced sympathetic functioning in ADHD during resting [13]. These studies based on EEG and HRV did not report any quantification of classification performance and were limited to statistical analysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detecting Autism Spectrum Disorder Using Spectral Analysis of Electroretinogram and Machine Learning: Preliminary results

Manjur

Hossain

Constable

et al. 2022

2022 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &Amp; Biology Society (EMBC)

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autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are both neurodevelopmental conditions that produce social interaction and executive functioning challenges but require very different therapeutic strategies. For that reason, early and accurate differentiation is important. However, their heterogeneity and overlap in symptoms make ASD and ADHD difficult to differentiate. The current diagnostic procedure to detect and distinguish ASD and ADHD is lengthy as it involves a comprehensive medical, developmental, and behavioral assessment. A more accessible and faster screening tool is needed to avoid delays in treatment. There is evidence that some retinal responses captured by the electroretinogram (ERG) are reduced in ASD subjects compared to neurotypicals whereas an opposite trend has been reported in ADHD, making ERG a promising tool for differentiating ASD and ADHD. However, previous ERG analyses based on amplitude and timing of ERG waves have exhibited limited success in differentiating ASD and ADHD. Recently, it has been found that time-varying spectral analysis of ERG allows for more accurate ASD detection compared to time-domain analysis. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of differentiation of ASD and ADHD using features obtained by decomposing ERG using variable frequency complex demodulation (VFCDM). We used VFCDM features to train machine learning models and evaluated them using a subject independent validation approach. We achieved a maximum accuracy of 84% (87% sensitivity, 79% specificity), outperforming previous studies using ERG. Features from higher frequencies were found to be more important than features from lower frequencies.Clinical Relevance-This study establishes high frequency ERG information as a potential biomarker to differentiate ASD and ADHD.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detecting Autism Spectrum Disorder Using Spectral Analysis of Electroretinogram and Machine Learning: Preliminary results

Manjur

Hossain

Constable

et al. 2022

2022 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &Amp; Biology Society (EMBC)

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“…Table 2 describes potential objective, physiological diagnostic tests for emotional dysregulation, sensory dysregulation, and attentional dysregulation found in ADHD. The pupil reflex test, correlates pupil constriction and subsequent dilation in response to light to attentional dysregulation (Wainstein et al, 2017) and autonomic dysfunction (Hamrakova et al, 2019(Hamrakova et al, , 2020Bellato et al, 2021) in ADHD. Additionally, if we further explore the relation between emotional and sensory dysregulation and the classical ADHD symptoms, more potential diagnostic practices may arise.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotional and sensory dysregulation as a possible missing link in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A review

Grossman

Avital²

2023

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common developmental disorder affecting 5-7% of adults and children. We surveyed the literature to examine ADHD through three pillars: developmental characteristics, symptomatology, and treatment strategies. Firstly, in terms of developmental characterstics, early life stress may increase the risk of developing ADHD symptoms according to animal models’ research. Secondly, the current core symptoms of ADHD are comprised of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. However, the up-to-date literature indicates individuals with ADHD experience emotional and sensory dysregulation as well, which early-life stress may also increase the risk of. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic benefits of methylphenidate on both the current core ADHD symptoms and the sensory and emotional dysregulation found in those with ADHD. In summation, we surveyed the recent literature to analyze (i) the potential role of early-life stress in ADHD development, (ii) the involvement of emotional and sensory dysregulation in ADHD symptomatology and finally, (iii) the therapeutic intervention with methylphenidate, aiming to reduce the potential effect of early life stress in ADHD, and mainly emotional and sensory dysregulation. The apparent but currently less recognized additional symptoms of emotional and sensory dysregulation in ADHD call for further investigation of these possible causes and thus increasing treatments efficacy in individuals with ADHD.

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“…Altered synchronization of oscillatory activity in ASD has been found across paradigms and has been linked to abnormal perception and performance 26,84 . A separate set of evidence points to altered autonomic activity, with hypo-and hyper regulation of pupillometry, cardiac and electrodermal activity 85,86 . Despite this evidence, autonomic system and brain processes have not been considered in unison, or systematically in different environmental scenarios, in ASD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do we all synch alike? Brain-body-environment interactions in Autism

Beker,

Molholm

2023

Preprint

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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by rigidity of routines and restricted interests, and atypical social communication and interaction. Recent evidence for altered synchronization of neuro-oscillatory brain activity with regularities in the environment and altered peripheral nervous system function in ASD present promising novel directions for studying pathophysiology and its relationship to ASD clinical phenotype. Normally, perception occurs in a dynamic context, where brain oscillations synchronize with external events to optimally receive temporally predictable information, leading to improved performance. In ASD, however, predictions are not applied in a typical manner. Impaired ability to adapt to contextual changes to anticipate upcoming events would lead to a highly unpredictable environment and failures in communication and might play a major role in the symptomatology of the condition. Recent findings on temporal dynamics of signals from the brain and the body in successful social interactions highlight this as a critical direction in the study of ASD. Given the tight, time-sensitive coupling between the brain and the periphery in cognition and social interactions, we offer a novel perspective of autism as a case where the temporal dynamics of brain-body-environment coupling is impaired. The following perspective takes evidence in the literature to support a physiological framework of how the nervous system fails to operate in an adaptive manner to synchronize with temporally predictable events in the environment to optimize perception and reaction in ASD. This physiological framework could potentially illuminate the hallmark deficits in ASD: Cognitive rigidity, and altered social interaction.

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Heart Rate Variability in Children and Adolescents with Autism, ADHD and Co-occurring Autism and ADHD, During Passive and Active Experimental Conditions

Cited by 14 publications

References 52 publications

Detecting Autism Spectrum Disorder Using Spectral Analysis of Electroretinogram and Machine Learning: Preliminary results

Detecting Autism Spectrum Disorder Using Spectral Analysis of Electroretinogram and Machine Learning: Preliminary results

Emotional and sensory dysregulation as a possible missing link in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A review

Do we all synch alike? Brain-body-environment interactions in Autism

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