Heartwood, Discolored Wood, and Microorganisms in Living Trees

Shigo, and A L; Hillis, W. E.

doi:10.1146/annurev.py.11.090173.001213

Cited by 175 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Both mechanisms are thought to be involved in the resistance of plants to vesselinvading pathogens (5,15) and to be factors in the dysfunction of vessels with age (9). Neither of these plant responses can explain the instantaneous increase in resistance observed when macromolecules are introduced into plant xylem.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Pit Membranes in Macromolecule-Induced Wilt of Plants

Alfen

McMillan²,

Turner³

et al. 1983

Plant Physiol.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Pit Membranes in Macromolecule-Induced Wilt of Plants

Alfen

McMillan²,

Turner³

et al. 1983

Plant Physiol.

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“…However, in many tree species, the heart of the trunk constitutes dead wood and depends, therefore, when wounded, on passive mechanisms to resist microorganism invasion [3,6]. The heart of the palm's stipe is not composed of dead wood but of vascular bundles and parenchymatic tissue that remain indefinitely alive and therefore are capable of employing active mechanisms to react to an injury.…”

Section: Palms Are Not True Treesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From that period, numerous studies on the treatment of trees by injection have been realized, especially by North American researchers, who have published an abundant literature. This literature was published in parallel with several fundamental papers on the anatomical and health consequences of injuries on trees and, especially, on the description and conceptualization of "healing" mechanisms [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The absence of this natural compartmentalization capacity of wounds would constitute such a serious evolutionary disadvantage that it would not have allowed the sustainable emergence of perennial species [3,[35][36][37][38]. It is thanks to this natural capacity that pruning, often much more aggressive than injection, constitutes a current practice in arboriculture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is thanks to this natural capacity that pruning, often much more aggressive than injection, constitutes a current practice in arboriculture. Applied improperly, pruning and injection can lead to an injury that compartmentalizes badly, with the development of decay more or less deep within the tree [3,[39][40][41][42][43][44][45]. This potential risk must not be underestimated but, of course, it has not led to the abandonment or the interdiction of pruning.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of risks and potential of injection techniques in integrated programs to eradicate the red palm weevil: review and new perspectives

Ferry¹,

Gomez²

2014

Fruits

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-Introduction. Plants develop mechanisms that allow them to compartmentalize injuries that they suffer during their life. In trees, pruning and injection treatments must be used in accordance with precise rules to reduce risks resulting from the injuries created. Sealing in palms. Palms, contrary to widespread belief, are quite capable of "healing" injuries (sealing); because of an anatomy quite different from trees, the sealing process in palms is much simpler. Compartmentalization of injection wounds. The controversy on the use of injection in trees is due essentially to initial mistakes that have then been rectified. Injection in palms against the red palm weevil. For palms, for decades, this technique has been employed without problems and with great efficiency against various pests, including Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, the red palm weevil (RPW). Its use has been reserved for exceptional situations either to face abnormal pest proliferation, uncontrollable by other techniques, or to implement eradication programs. Integrated eradication program. In such a program, the main aim of injection treatments is preventive. With long-persistence insecticides, the number of treatments could be greatly reduced. The resulting savings in time and money would enable the organization of the treatments of all the palms located in an infested area, and consequently the rapid eradication of the pest. New perspectives. We established that insecticides applied by injection were capable of protecting palms with only two or even one treatment per year. These results suggest a radical improvement in programs to eradicate RPW, while considerably reducing the risks to health and the environment compared with spray treatments.

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Effects of impregnation with imersol‐AQUA on yellow color tone of some softwoods and varnishes

Atar

Keski̇n

Çolakoğlu

2006

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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This study has been performed for determining impacts of impregnation with Imersol-AQUA (I-AQUA) to yellow color tone of some softwoods and varnishes. For this purpose, samples of scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), oriental spruce (Picea orientalis L.), and Uludag fir (Abies bornmlleriana L.) wood, prepared according to the ASTM D 358 standards, are impregnated with I-AQUA by short-term (S), medium-term (M), and long-term (L) immersion techniques in accordance with ASTM D 1413 and producer's definition. After impregnation, surfaces have been coated by synthetic (Sv), acrylic (Ac), water-based varnishes (Wb) and polyurethane (Pu) varnishes in accordance with ASTM D 3023 standards. According to ASTM D 2244 standards, yellow color tone value of specimens after varnishing process was determined. As a result, based on the wood material, varnish type, and impregnation period, yellow color tone was the highest in pine, medium-term dipping, and synthetic varnish and the lowest in fir, long-term dipping, and water-borne varnish. Considering the interaction of wood type, period of impregnation and type of varnish, yellow color tone was the highest in fir þ medium-term of dipping þ synthetic varnish and the lowest in spruce þ long-term of dipping þ water-borne varnish. So, impregnation process, impregnation period, and varnishes applied during tests showed increasing impact for yellow color tone value of wood materials.

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Heartwood, Discolored Wood, and Microorganisms in Living Trees

Cited by 175 publications

References 53 publications

Role of Pit Membranes in Macromolecule-Induced Wilt of Plants

Role of Pit Membranes in Macromolecule-Induced Wilt of Plants

Assessment of risks and potential of injection techniques in integrated programs to eradicate the red palm weevil: review and new perspectives

Effects of impregnation with imersol‐AQUA on yellow color tone of some softwoods and varnishes

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