Heat activation of Streptomyces viridochromogenes spores

Hirsch, C. F.; Ensign, Jerald C.

doi:10.1128/jb.126.1.24-30.1976

Cited by 31 publications

(26 citation statements)

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“…Spore germination is highly regulated and can be externally modified. Hirsch & Ensign (1976) reported that the latency preceding germination of S. viridochromogenes spores was eliminated by gentle heat shock, a method that is routinely used to synchronize spore germination in Streptomyces (Kieser et al, 2000). Guijarro et al (1983) revealed the existence of a protein fraction that rapidly degrades during germination and that might be regulating this process.…”

Section: Spore Germinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pre-sporulation stages ofStreptomycesdifferentiation: state-of-the-art and future perspectives

Yagüe

López-García

Rioseras

et al. 2013

FEMS Microbiol Lett

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Streptomycetes comprise very important industrial bacteria, producing two-thirds of all clinically relevant secondary metabolites. They are mycelial microorganisms with complex developmental cycles that include programmed cell death (PCD) and sporulation. Industrial fermentations are usually performed in liquid cultures (large bioreactors), conditions in which Streptomyces strains generally do not sporulate, and it was traditionally assumed that there was no differentiation. In this work, we review the current knowledge on Streptomyces pre-sporulation stages of Streptomyces differentiation.

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Section: Spore Germinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pre-sporulation stages ofStreptomycesdifferentiation: state-of-the-art and future perspectives

Yagüe

López-García

Rioseras

et al. 2013

FEMS Microbiol Lett

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“…Heat-activated spores (5) were used in all germination experiments. An aqueous spore suspension was diluted 1:20 into TX-buffer prewarmed to 55°C (pH 378 EATON AND ENSIGN suspension was rapidly cooled, and the spores were sedimented by centrifugation at 10,000 x g for 5 min at 4°C.…”

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Streptomyces viridochromogenes spore germination initiated by calcium ions

Eaton¹,

Ensign²

1980

J Bacteriol

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Initiation of germination of heat-activated Streptomyces viridochromogenes spores occurs in media containing only calcium ions and organic buffer. The calcium-induced initiation of germination was accompanied by a decrease in absorbance of the spore suspension, an increased rate of endogenous metabolism, the loss of spore carbon, and the loss of heat resistance. Calcium amounts to 0.28% of the dry weight of freshly harvested spores. The amount of calcium remained the same after incubation of spores in water and after heat activation. The spore content of calcium doubled after incubation in 0.5 mM CaCl2 for 5 min at 4°C and during calcium-induced germination. Nearly all of the calcium appears to be bound to sites external to the spore membrane, since the chelating agents (ethylenedinitrilo)tetraacetic acid and arsenazo III removed virtually all of the calcium ions. The calcium ions must be present during the entire initiation of germination period. Germination ceases after an (ethylenedinitrilo)tetraacetic acid wash and begins again immediately after addition of calcium ions. Spores of Streptomyces viridochromogenesgerminate when incubated in a defined medium (DGM) comprised of alanine, glutamic acid, adenosine, MgSO4, and CaCl2 (4). The early events in germination, to be referred to as initiation of germination in this paper, involve loss of refractility of the spores accompanied by a decrease in optical density, excretion of spore carbon, increased respiratory activity and ATP content, and release of a germination inhibitor compound (4, 6). Germination is dependent on a continual supply of CO2 which serves to replenish tricarboxylic acid intermediates through anaplerotic fixation reactions (2).The data to be presented establish that the physiological events associated with germination of the spores can be initiated by calcium ions alone. Initiation of germination is dependent on the capacity for production of energy. As mentioned above, germination is accompanied by increased respiratory activity and ATP production. In addition, chemicals that affect energy production, such as cyanide, carbonyl cyanidem-chlorophenylhydrazone, arsenate, dicumarol, and phenazine methosulfate, completely inhibit the initiation process, and the germination inhibitor molecule (6) was recently found to be a specific sodium-potassium ATPase inhibitor (unpublished observations). Germination of S. antibioticus spores is also dependent on energy production (3). Initiation of germination of streptomyces spores appears to be quite a differt Present address: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53705. ent process than that of Bacillus megaterium endospores, where production of energy is not involved (1,8). Germination of fungal spores requires a continuous supply of energy (9, 10).We report in this paper the results of an investigation of the mechanism by which calcium ions initiate germination of S. viridochromogenes spores.MATERIALS AND METHODS Organisms and growth conditions. The organis...

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“…Upon encountering a favorable environment the spores germinate. During germination the spores swell and lose refractility (1,12,14), and one or more germ tubes emerge. On a medium solidified with agar, the spore grows into a multiply branched coenocytic mycelium.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This paper reports the accomplishment of these goals. Brief reports directed to the properties and events accompanying germination (13) and heat activation (14) of spores of S. viridochromogenes have been published.…”

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confidence: 99%

Nutritionally defined conditions for germination of Streptomyces viridochromogenes spores

Hirsch¹,

Ensign²

1976

J Bacteriol

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Spores of Streptomyces viridochromogenes were removed from the surface of solid media with glass beads and suspended in a buffer-detergent solution. Addition of yeast extract and glucose resulted in rapid loss of refractility of the spores. Appearance of germ tubes followed. Germination was accompanied by a decrease in the optical density (OD) of the suspension. The OD decrease was used as an assay for germination. A defined germination medium (DGM) comprised of L-alanine, L-glutamic acid, adenosine, para-aminobenzoic acid, and calcium and magnesium ions provided a germination rate nearly equal to that of complex media. The germination rate was essentially the same if i-alanine and D-glutamate replaced the L-isomers. The optimum pH and temperature for germination were 7.0 and 35 C. Germination was absolutely dependent on the presence of CO2. Spores harvested after growth for longer periods than the usual time (10 days) became less germinable in DGM. The same was observed for spores grown at 37 C as compared with 30 C. Spores incubated in DGM for various time periods before being transferred to a buffer solution did not continue to germinate. Spores harvested after growth of eight species of Streptomyces did not show a decrease in OD when incubated in yeast extract medium. Another strain of S. viridochromogenes did exhibit an OD decrease in the medium. Comparative properties of spores of streptomycetes, fungi, and bacilli are discussed.

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Heat activation of Streptomyces viridochromogenes spores

Cited by 31 publications

References 7 publications

Pre-sporulation stages ofStreptomycesdifferentiation: state-of-the-art and future perspectives

Pre-sporulation stages ofStreptomycesdifferentiation: state-of-the-art and future perspectives

Streptomyces viridochromogenes spore germination initiated by calcium ions

Nutritionally defined conditions for germination of Streptomyces viridochromogenes spores

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