Heat Management Strategy for All‐Inorganic, Full‐Spectral Concentrator CsPbBr₃/Bi₂Te₃‐Integrated Solar Cells

Abstract

The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic-inorganic hybrid metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has rapidly increased to a certified 25.7% from 3.8% in the past decades by means of precisely controlling composition, passivating defect, stabilizing perovskite lattice, [1][2][3][4][5] etc. which is comparable to the mainstream photovoltaics such as silicon or copper indium-gallium diselenide solar cells. [6,7] To promote this progress, cost reduction in photovoltaic module manufacturing such as the balance of system costs (BOSC) and levelized cost of energy (LCOE) displays a crucial contribution to the price of final installed modules. [8,9] The increased power output per square meter and the reduced device production cost are two typical strategies to accelerate the practical application. In theory, the concentration of photogenerated carriers is highly determined by the light intensity, and a larger quasi-Fermi-level splitting will be formed within the photosensitive semiconductor by increasing the incident light intensity, which in turn delivers a high open-circuit voltage (V oc ) and then enhances PCE output. [10,11] Following this line of thought, the concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) may undoubtedly reset the costcompetitive balance such as enhancing the power output and retrenching the floor space. Until now, the commercial CPV devices are mainly based on multi-junction III-V semiconductors, and over 46.0% efficiencies have been obtained for fourjunction GaInP/GaAs/GaInAsP/GaInAs under 508 suns and six-junction Al 0.18 Ga 0.33 In 0.49 P/Al 0.23 Ga 0.77 As/GaAs/Ga 0.84 In 0.16 As/Ga 0.66 In 0.34 As/Ga 0.42 In 0.58 As under 143 suns. [12,13] However, the stubbornly high cost of III-V semiconductors is still a great challenge to compete with the "flat-plate" silicon technologies, causing their applications mainly localized in special fields such as satellite and space vehicles, [14] water splitting and thermosphotovoltaic devices. [15,16] In this fashion, the exploration and development of ideal semiconductor materials featuring low-cost and high-efficiency are necessary for this CPV device.Recently, concentrator PSCs have attracted considerable interest in potential use for CPV beyond 100 suns illumination because of their low trap density and high carrier diffusion lengths of halide perovskites. [17][18][19][20] However, the low-energy photons with longer wavelengths will undoubtedly convert into heat under concentrated 10-100 suns irradiation to cause the PV module temperature rapid improvement over 100 °C. Such a high temperature not only decreases the cell efficiency but also degrades the halide perovskite material. [21,22] Therefore, the state-of-the-art organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites containing organic volatile methylamine (MA) or formamidine (FA) species suffer from heat-and light-induced lattice deterioration under such rigorous conditions. [23] Therefore, how to resolve the thermal instability is an urgent issue for this CPV-PSC system. The

An Overview of Lead, Tin, and Mixed Tin–Lead‐Based ABI3 Perovskite Solar Cells

“…According to the Shockley–Queisser (SQ) detailed balance limit, the ideal bandgap is between 1.1 and 1.4 eV to achieve a maximum PCE between 32.74% and 32.91%, and the most suitable material is FAPbI 3 perovskite. [ 24 ] For the application of the same PeSCs for specific applications such as hydrogen or carbon capture from water or carbon dioxide, an open‐circuit voltage ( V OC ) value of about 1.5 V or higher is recommended; therefore, bromide perovskites such as CsPbBr 3 (≈1.6 V) [ 25 ] can be selected as a suitable photoactive material (discussed in a later section).…”

Accelerating Thermal Transfer in Perovskite Films for High‐Efficiency and Stable Photovoltaics

“…[10] As expected, all the above technologies are indeed effective in improving the lattice stability against moisture and light, but still unable to avoid the generation and accumulation of heat even within the encapsulated PSCs because of the photo-to-thermal conversion and low thermal conductivity (𝜅) of perovskite film. [11] As a result, the operational temperature of PSC is elevated under the concurrent effect of incident sunlight and local environment temperature (more serious in concentrated light and high temperature conditions), [12,13] which in return leads to the structural change and lattice expansion of perovskite film and adjacent charge transfer layers as well, [14][15][16] thereby permanently degrading the photovoltaic performance even after cooling down to room temperature. Meanwhile, with the temperature gradually rising, there is always a reversible PCE reduction, which is one universal phenomenon regardless of compositions and configurations for solar cells, owing to the increased Urbach energy and scattering interaction of electrons with phonons.…”