Heat Modulation of Intrinsic MR Contrasts for Tumor Characterization

Abstract

(1) Background: The longitudinal relaxation time (T1), transverse relaxation time (T2), water proton chemical shift (CS), and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) are MR quantities that change with temperature. In this work, we investigate heat-induced intrinsic MR contrast types to add salient information to conventional MR imaging to improve tumor characterization. (2) Methods: Imaging tests were performed in vivo using different rat tumor models. The rats were cooled/heated to steady-state temperatures from 26–36 °C and quantitative measurements of T1, T2, and ADC were obtained. Temperature maps were measured using the proton resonance frequency shift (PRFS) method during the heating and cooling cycles. (3) Results: All tissue samples show repeatable relaxation parameter measurement over a range of 26–36 °C. Most notably, we observed a more than 3.3% change in T1/°C in breast adenocarcinoma tumors compared to a 1% change in benign breast fibroadenoma lesions. In addition, we note distinct values of T2/°C change for rat prostate carcinoma cells compared to benign tissue. (4) Conclusion: These findings suggest the possibility of improving MR imaging visualization and characterization of tissue with heat-induced contrast types. Specifically, these results suggest that the temporal thermal responses of heat-sensitive MR imaging contrast mechanisms in different tissue types contain information for improved (i) characterization of tumor/tissue boundaries for diagnostic and therapy purposes, and (ii) characterization of salient behavior of tissues, e.g., malignant versus benign tumors.