Heat Pumps Integration Trends in District Heating Networks of the Baltic States

Integrated Planning of a Large-Scale Heat Pump in View of Heat and Power Networks

“…Knowing the forecasted maximum heat demand Q heat,peak and relative heat losses q loss,relative , the required electrical capacity for running HP can be estimated using Eq. 12 [18]:…”

Policy incentives for flexible district heating in the Baltic countries

“…A review of the literature on policy alternatives for Baltic DH reveals that extant research has focused primarily on increasing the share of renewables. From the Soviet era, Baltic DH inherited old, over-capacitated, and inefficient DH plants dependent on imported fuels (Lauka et al, 2015;Lund et al, 1999;Roos et al, 2012). Researchers have discussed ways for the Baltic energy sector to adapt to a market economy.…”

“…EBs are not mentioned. A few studies mention heat pumps in combination with heat storage (Bazbauers and Cimdina, 2011;Colmenar-Santos et al, 2016;Lauka et al, 2015). With respect to the Baltic energy sectors, the focus is on energy efficiency and increasing the share of domestic fuels in order to decrease DH prices (Kveselis et al, 2017;Ziemele et al, 2016) and reduce import dependency (Lund et al, 1999;Miskinis et al, 2006).…”

System dynamics model analysis of pathway to 4th generation district heating in Latvia

“…From formula (7) the fuel costs and efficiency are removed, but power consumed for the production is substituted with the coefficient of performance (COP) of heat pump, which simultaneously describes both the amount of energy consumed by the operation of heat pumps and the consumed power. COP initial value is 3.5 MWh th /MWh el [30]. The pace of the annual change is described by the principle of formula (1).…”